The Effect of Prostaglandin E1 in Inhibiting the Pre-Junctional Release of Norepinephrine in the Field-Stimulated Rabbit Iris

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Copyright: A Contemporary Approach

This Fall 2022 Supplement is the product of our effort to capture important developments in copyright law since the publication of the second edition of Copyright: A Contemporary Approach. It includes three new principal cases. The first two are Supreme Court decisions: the 2021 fair use decision in Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (p. 18), and the 2020 decision about copyright protection for state statutes in Georgia v. Public.Resources.Org (p. 58).. The third is an excerpt from the Second Circuit’s fair use decision in Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith (p.37), a decision that the Supreme Court has decided to review, with oral argument scheduled for October 12, 2022. The portion of this opinion on “transformativeness” is likely making a one-time appearance in the supplement, to be replaced by the Supreme Court decision when it is issued, but we thought some folks would like to teach the Goldsmith case in the fall as the Supreme Court is considering it.The supplement also includes notes on many other cases, and a few new features that we thought would enhance study of U.S. copyright law. Because the Copyright Claims Board (“CCB”) opened up its doors for business this June, we have included a new section at the end of Chapter 6 on the CASE Act and CCB proceedings (p. 50). We have also completely revised Chapter 12.E., on digital audio transmission rights, and Chapter 12.F., on rights in pre-1972 sound recordings. The new Chapter 12.E. in this supplement, “Digital Streaming of Music After the Musical Works Modernization Act” (p. 84), now consists of a general introduction to copyright and the streaming of music, covering both rights in sound recordings and rights in musical works, and all of the relevant exclusive rights

Fall 2023 Supplement to Brauneis & Schechter, Copyright: A Contemporary Approach

This Fall 2023 Supplement is the product of our effort to capture important developments in copyright law since the publication of the second edition of Copyright: A Contemporary Approach. It includes three Supreme Court decisions as principal cases: the fair use cases of Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc. (p. 23) and Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith (p. 41) and the 2020 decision about copyright protection for state statutes, Georgia v. Public.Resources.Org (p. 74).. (Because there are now so many Supreme Court fair use cases to cover, this supplement also includes a note on Harper & Row, Publishers v. Nation Enterprises (pp. 13-14), as an option to replace its treatment as a principal case in the second edition of the casebook. The supplement also includes notes on many other cases, and a few new features that we thought would enhance study of U.S. copyright law. It includes new material on copyright and artificial intelligence, both on the issue of AI authorship, (see the new notes on page 7-9), and the issue of infringement and fair use in training generative AI models (see the new feature on p. 21). Because the Copyright Claims Board (“CCB”) opened up its doors for business in June 2022, we have included a new section at the end of Chapter 6 on the CASE Act and CCB proceedings (p. 67). We have also completely revised Chapter 12.E., on digital audio transmission rights, and Chapter 12.F., on rights in pre-1972 sound recordings. The new Chapter 12.E. in this supplement, “Digital Streaming of Music After the Musical Works Modernization Act” (p. 101), now consists of a general introduction to copyright and the streaming of music, covering both rights in sound recordings and rights in musical works, and all of the relevant exclusive rights

Fall 2016 Supplement to Brauneis & Schechter, Copyright: A Contemporary Approach

This cumulative supplement contains additional materials for Brauneis and Schechter, Copyright: A Contemporary Approach (1st ed. 2012) that make it current through July 2016. Special features include a hyperlinked table of references to 19 recent cases decided since July 2015, which may be helpful in getting an overview of developments over this past year; a hyperlinked table of contents to all inserts; and a chapter-by-chapter guide to using the supplement, intended for professors who are creating or updating syllabi. The supplement contains nine principal cases with notes, as well as dozens of other updates

Impfkämpfe: Was können wir aus der kalifornischen Erfahrung mit der Pflichtimpfung der Schulkinder Lernen?

The almost universal administration of childhood immunisations has been associated with logarithmic drops in the incidence of a number of diseases in the United States and worldwide. In the United States, mandatory school immunisation laws have in particular been instrumental in achieving the high levels of coverage needed to sustain herd immunity. However, concerns about vaccine safety led to the passing of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, which uses a no-fault system compensation system for people found to be injured by certain vaccines. The measles vaccine is highly effective, and outbreaks of measles are usually the consequence of failure to vaccinate. A high-profile outbreak of measles at a southern California amusement park in 2014 led the state of California to further restrict the ability of children to attend school if they are not immunized because of their family’s beliefs. Immunisation requirements are but one of many legal mandates designed for public health protection, from mandatory fluoridation of drinking water to quarantine and isolation for communicable diseases. We conclude that school immunisation requirements help governments fulfil their duty to protect and promote public health.Gotovo univerzalna imunizacija djece povezana je s logaritamskim opadanjem broja zaraza kako u Sjedinjenim Državama tako i svijetu. U Sjedinjenim Državama, zakon o obveznom cijepljenju školske djece pokazao se posebno korisnim za postizanje visokog stupnja zaštite potrebne za održavanje imunosti zajednice. Međutim, zabrinutosti oko sigurnosti cjepiva dovele su do donošenja National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (Nacionalni zakon o štetnosti dječjeg cjepiva) iz 1986., prema kojem se kroz „no-fault sustav“ (bez obzira tko je kriv) kompenziraju oštećeni određenim cjepivima. Cjepivo protiv ospica iznimno je učinkovito, a pojave ospica najčešće su povezane s neprimanjem cjepiva. Zbog poznatog slučaja pojave ospica u kalifornijskom zabavnom parku 2014., savezna država Kalifornija dodatno je ograničila mogućnost pohađanja škole djece koja nisu cijepljena zbog obiteljskih uvjerenja. Obvezno cijepljenje predstavlja samo jednu od odredbi kojima je cilj zaštita javnog zdravlja, a ,eđu kojima su i obvezna fluoridacija pitke vode i karantena i izolacija zbog prenosivih bolesti. Zaključujemo da obvezno cijepljenje školske djece pomaže vladama u ispunjenju njihove dužnosti u zaštiti i unaprjeđenju javnog zdravstva.Eine fast universelle Immunisierung der Kinder ist, sowie in den USA als auch in der übrigen Welt, mit einer logarithmischen Abnahme der Ansteckungsfälle verbunden. In den USA hat sich das Gesetz über die Pflichtimpfung von Schulkindern als besonders nützlich zum Erreichen einer hohen Stufe des für Erhalten der Immunität der Gemeinschaft nötigen Schutzes erwiesen. Allerdings haben die Bedenken über die Impfsicherheit zum Erlassen des Nationalen Kindheits-Impfstoff-Verletzungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 1986 (National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act) geführt, wonach durch ein „No-Fault-System“ (ungeachtet dessen, wer die Schuld trägt) die durch bestimmte Impfstoffe Betroffenen entschädigt werden. Der Masernimpfstoff ist außerordentlich effizient und die Masernfälle sind meistens mit der Nichtimpfung verbunden. Wegen des bekannten Falls des Masernausbruchs im kalifornischen Vergnügungspark 2014 hat der Bundesstaat Kalifornien zusätzlich den Schulbesuch von Kindern beschränkt, die aus Familienüberzeugung nicht geimpft wurden. Die Pflichtimpfung ist nur eine von Bestimmungen, deren Ziel der Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit ist, dazu gehören noch die obligatorische Trinkwasserfluoridierung, Quarantäne und und Isolation wegen übertragbaren Krankheiten. Wir kommen zum Schluß, dass die Pflichtimpfung von Schulkindern den Regierungen hilft, ihre Pflichten im Rahmen des Schutzes und der Förderung der öffentlichen Gesundheit zu erfüllen

Fall 2021 Supplement to Brauneis & Schechter, Copyright: A Contemporary Approach

This Fall 2021 Supplement is the product of our effort to capture important developments in copyright law since the publication of the second edition of Copyright: A Contemporary Approach. It includes two new principal cases, both Supreme Court decisions: the 2021 fair use decision in Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc., and the 2020 decision about copyright protection for state statutes in Georgia v. Public.Resources.Org. The supplement also includes notes on many other cases, and a few new features that we thought would enhance study of U.S. copyright law. In light of the passage of the Music Modernization Act in October 2018, we have completely revised Chapter 12.E., on digital audio transmission rights, and Chapter 12.F., on rights in pre-1972 sound recordings. The new Chapter 12.E. in this supplement, “Digital Streaming of Music After the Musical Works Modernization Act,” now consists of a general introduction to copyright and the streaming of music, covering both rights in sound recordings and rights in musical works, and all of the relevant exclusive rights

Fall 2016 Supplement to Brauneis & Schechter, Copyright: A Contemporary Approach

This cumulative supplement contains additional materials for Brauneis and Schechter, Copyright: A Contemporary Approach (1st ed. 2012) that make it current through July 2016. Special features include a hyperlinked table of references to 19 recent cases decided since July 2015, which may be helpful in getting an overview of developments over this past year; a hyperlinked table of contents to all inserts; and a chapter-by-chapter guide to using the supplement, intended for professors who are creating or updating syllabi. The supplement contains nine principal cases with notes, as well as dozens of other updates

The Luminosity Function of Galaxies in the Las Campanas Redshift Survey

We present the $R$-band luminosity function for a sample of 18678 galaxies, with average redshift $z = 0.1$, from the Las Campanas Redshift Survey. The luminosity function may be fit by a Schechter function with $M^* = -20.29 \pm 0.02 + 5 \log h$, $\alpha = -0.70 \pm 0.05$, and $\phi^* = 0.019 \pm 0.001 \ h^3$~Mpc$^{-3}$, for absolute magnitudes$-23.0 \leq M - 5 \log h \leq -17.5$. We compare our luminosity function to that from other redshift surveys; in particular our normalization is consistent with that of the Stromlo-APM survey, and is therefore a factor of two below that implied by the$b_J \approx 20$bright galaxy counts. Our normalization thus indicates that much more evolution is needed to match the faint galaxy count data, compared to minimal evolution models which normalize at$b_J \approx 20$. Also, we show that our faint-end slope$\alpha = -0.7$, though ``shallower'' than typical previous values$\alpha = -1$, results primarily from fitting the detailed shape of the LCRS luminosity function, rather than from any absence of intrinsically faint galaxies from our survey. Finally, using [OII] 3727 equivalent width$W_{\lambda} = 5$~\AA \ as the dividing line, we find significant differences in the luminosity functions of emission and non-emission galaxies, particularly in their$\alpha$values. Emission galaxies have Schechter parameters$M^* = -20.03 \pm 0.03 + 5 \log h$and$\alpha = -0.9 \pm 0.1$, while non-emission galaxies are described by$M^* = -20.22 \pm 0.02 + 5 \log h$and$\alpha = -0.3 \pm 0.1$. (abridged abstract)Comment: 41 pages, including 13 postscript figures, uses AASTEX v4.0 style files. Important clarification of R-band definition, plus correction of luminosity densities and updated references. Main conclusions unchanged. Final version to appear in Ap

The Gravitational Lens Candidate FBQ 1633+3134

We present our ground-based optical imaging, spectral analysis, and high resolution radio mapping of the gravitational lens candidate FBQ 1633+3134. This z=1.52, B=17.7 quasar appears double on CCD images with an image separation of 0.66 arcseconds and a flux ratio of ~3:1 across BVRI filters. A single 0.27 mJy radio source is detected at 8.46 GHz, coincident to within an arcsecond of both optical components, but no companion at radio wavelengths is detected down to a flux level of 0.1 mJy (3 sigma). Spectral observations reveal a rich metal-line absorption system consisting of a strong Mg II doublet and associated Fe I and Fe II absorption features, all at an intervening redshift of z=0.684, suggestive of a lensing galaxy. Point spread function subtraction however shows no obvious signs of a third object between the two quasar images, and places a detection limit of I > 23.0 if such an object exists. Although the possibility that FBQ 1633+3134 is a binary quasar cannot be ruled out, the evidence is consistent with it being a single quasar lensed by a faint, metal-rich galaxy.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures. Accepted by AJ. A calibration error affecting B and V band apparent magnitudes has been corrected. The conclusions of the paper are not change

Integrated safety studies of the urate reabsorption inhibitor lesinurad in treatment of gout.

ObjectiveLesinurad (LESU) is a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor approved at 200 mg daily for use with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor (XOI) to treat hyperuricaemia in gout patients failing to achieve target serum urate on XOI. The aim of the study was to investigate the long-term safety of LESU + XOI therapy.MethodsSafety data were pooled from three 12-month phase III (core) trials evaluating LESU 200 and 400 mg/day combined with an XOI (LESU200+XOI and LESU400+XOI), and two 12-month extension studies using descriptive statistics. To adjust for treatment duration, treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were expressed as exposure-adjusted incidence rates (patients with events per 100 person-years).ResultsIn the core studies, exposure-adjusted incidence rates for total and total renal-related TEAEs were comparable for XOI alone and LESU200+XOI but higher with LESU400+XOI. Exposure-adjusted incidence rates for serum creatinine (sCr) elevations ⩾1.5×baseline were 2.9, 7.3 and 18.7, respectively. Resolution (sCr ⩽1.2×baseline) occurred in 75-90% of all events, with 66-75% occurring without any study medication interruption. Major adverse cardiovascular events were 3, 4 and 9 with XOI, LESU200+XOI and LESU400+XOI, respectively. Longer exposure in core+extension studies did not increase rates for any safety signals.ConclusionAt the approved dose of 200 mg once-daily combined with an XOI, LESU did not increase renal, cardiovascular or other adverse events compared with XOI alone, except for sCr elevations. With extended exposure in the core+extension studies, the safety profile was consistent with that observed in the core studies, and no new safety concerns were identified