Baseline characteristics of HIV-infected children and HIV-uninfected siblings.

<p>*Severe malnutrition has been defined as a BMI-for-age Z score ≤-3.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of HIV-infected children and HIV-uninfected siblings.</p

Markers of renal dysfunction in HIV-infected children and HIV-uninfected siblings.

<p>*the primary study outcome (defined operationally as eGFR <60mL/min/1.73m² and/or albuminuria >20mg/L in a single urine test)</p><p>^†eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate by modified Schwartz equation</p><p>Markers of renal dysfunction in HIV-infected children and HIV-uninfected siblings.</p

Factors associated with renal dysfunction among HIV-infected children and HIV-uninfected siblings by univariable logistic regression.

<p>*For the 122 HIV-infected cases only</p><p>^†<i>Schistosoma</i> infection and intensity were both determined with the urine CAA assay.</p><p>Factors associated with renal dysfunction among HIV-infected children and HIV-uninfected siblings by univariable logistic regression.</p

Markers of renal dysfunction associated with <i>Schistosoma</i> infection by univariable logistic regression.

<p>*the primary study outcome (defined operationally as eGFR <60mL/min/1.73m² and/or albuminuria >20mg/L in a single urine test)</p><p>^†eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate as calculated by modified Schwartz equation</p><p>Markers of renal dysfunction associated with <i>Schistosoma</i> infection by univariable logistic regression.</p

Key Barriers and Solutions to Implementing Prompt and Concurrent HAART and Anti- Tuberculosis Therapy Identified by Bugando Medical Centre Staff Members in Mwanza, Tanzania.

<p>Key: ART: antiretroviral therapy. HAART: highly active anti-retroviral therapy. PEP: post-exposure prophylaxis. TB: tuberculosis.</p

Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of Baseline Predictors of Decreased Renal Function (eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m²) after a Median of 2 years of Antiretroviral Therapy (n = 171).

<p>Univariable and Multivariable Analyses of Baseline Predictors of Decreased Renal Function (eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73 m²) after a Median of 2 years of Antiretroviral Therapy (n = 171).</p

Results of Löwenstein–Jensen solid media and micro broth culture for patients with and without tuberculosis.

+<p>Pulmonary TB defined by American Thoracic Society.</p>*<p>Solid Löwenstein–Jensen (LJ) media.</p>×<p>Liquid broth in microplates with detection by inverted microscope.</p

Increased hepatotoxicity among HIV-infected adults co-infected with <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Little is known about hepatotoxicity in patients with schistosome and HIV co-infections. Several studies have reported increased liver enzymes and bilirubin levels associated with schistosome infection. We investigated whether HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy who had <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> co-infection had a higher prevalence of hepatotoxicity than those without.</p><p>Methodology/Principal findings</p><p>We determined the presence and grade of hepatotoxicity among 305 HIV-infected outpatients who had been on medium-term (3–6 months) and long-term (>36 months) antiretroviral therapy in a region of northwest Tanzania where <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> is hyperendemic. We used the AIDS Clinical Trial Group definition to define mild to moderate hepatotoxicity as alanine aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and/or bilirubin elevations of grade 1 or 2, and severe hepatotoxicity as any elevation of grade 3 or 4. We determined schistosome infection status using the serum circulating cathodic antigen rapid test and used logistic regression to determine factors associated with hepatotoxicity. The prevalence of mild-moderate and severe hepatotoxicity was 29.6% (45/152) and 2.0% (3/152) in patients on medium-term antiretroviral therapy and 19.6% (30/153) and 3.3% (5/153) in the patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy. <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> infection was significantly associated with hepatotoxicity on univariable analysis and after controlling for other factors associated with hepatotoxicity including hepatitis B or C and anti-tuberculosis medication use (adjusted odds ratio = 3.0 [1.6–5.8], p = 0.001).</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>Our work demonstrates a strong association between <i>S</i>. <i>mansoni</i> infection and hepatotoxicity among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. Our study highlights the importance of schistosome screening and treatment for patients starting antiretroviral therapy in schistosome-endemic settings. Additional studies to determine the effects of schistosome-HIV co-infections are warranted.</p></div

Multivariable models for association between HIV status and glucose metabolism disorders (GMD) to assess for confounding.

<p>All models are compared to HIV-negative controls. Models 1, 2, 3 & 4 were predetermined based on most likely confounders. Models 5 + 6 included other baseline characteristics significantly associated with glucose metabolism disorders in the minimally-adjusted model.</p><p>* Best fit mode</p><p>Multivariable models for association between HIV status and glucose metabolism disorders (GMD) to assess for confounding.</p

Time to positive culture for solid Löwenstein–Jensen (LJ) versus liquid broth with microscopic detection.

<p>*The comparison of time to growth detection for paired 138 samples which were positive for both micro broth culture and LJ culture.</p