Average daily gain (ADG, Fig. 3a) and feed conversion ratio (FCR, Fig. 3b) observed in paired batches from 18 flows in the first batch produced after PED detection in the sow farms (infected batches) and in the immediate previous batch (produced within the previous four months, control batches).

<p>Dotted line: no differences in ADG/FCR.</p

Impact of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea on Performance of Growing Pigs

<div><p>The impact of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) infection on the US pork industry has mainly been attributed to the mortality that it causes in suckling piglets, and, consequently, much effort has been invested in the quantification of its effect in sow farms. However, no information on the performance of surviving pigs that were exposed to the PEDv as piglets is available. Here, a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDv) infection on growing pigs’ performance, as indicated by mortality, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was performed using production records from weaned pigs in nursery and wean-to-finish sites from sow farms that became PEDv-infected between May 2013 and June 2014. Production records from the first batch of growing pigs weaned in infected flows after the PEDv outbreak (“infected batches”) were compared with those from pigs weaned within the previous 14 to 120 days (“control batches”). Performance records from infected and control batches, paired by flow, were compared using non-parametric paired tests. Mortality, ADG and FCR were significantly different in PEDv-positive (infected) compared with PEDv-negative (control) batches, with a mean increase of mortality and FCR of 11% and 0.5, respectively, and a decrease of ADG of 0.16 lb/day. Our results demonstrate a poorer performance of growing pigs weaned after a PEDv outbreak compared with those weaned within the previous 14-120 days, suggesting that in addition to the mortality induced by PEDv in suckling pigs, the disease also impairs the performance of surviving pig. These findings help to quantify the impact of PEDv infection in the US and, ultimately, contribute to efforts to quantify the cost-effectiveness of disease prevention and control measures.</p></div

Mortality observed in paired batches from 18 flows in the first batch produced after PED detection in the sow farms (infected batches) and in the immediate previous batch (produced within the previous four months, control batches).

<p>Dotted line: no differences in mortality.</p

Final multivariable generalized mixed Poisson model; the main outcome modeled herein was the counts of PRRS outbreaks using 706 sow sites as the unit of analysis, and an offset to account for different numbers of years participating in data collection (2009–2016) was used.

<p>The model accounted for clustering of swine sites within production systems using a random effect.</p

Feed conversion rate (FCR) and mortality in nursery and wean-to-finish batches in the 4 months before Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea detection in 18 flows and in the first batches weaned after the outbreak.

<p>Feed conversion rate (FCR) and mortality in nursery and wean-to-finish batches in the 4 months before Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea detection in 18 flows and in the first batches weaned after the outbreak.</p

IPTp is associated with earlier first parasitemia among offspring of PM+ women.

<p>Kaplan-Meier curves of time to first parasitemia by maternal IPTp status (A) or dose (B). 1 dose: AHR = 3.71, p = 0.04 [95% CI: 1.07, 12.78]; 2(+) doses: AHR = 10.89, p = 0.003 [95%CI: 2.25, 52.78].</p

IPTp is associated with earlier first severe malaria episode.

<p>Kaplan-Meier curves of time to first severe malaria episode by maternal IPTp status (A) or dose (B). 1 dose: AHR = 1.17, p = 0.8 [95% CI: 0.45, 3.07]; 2(+) doses: AHR = 2.76, p = 0.03 [95% CI: 1.11, 6.85].</p

Causal diagram showing the hypothesized and plausible associations between the outcome of interest and investigated exploratory variables.

<p>Causal diagram showing the hypothesized and plausible associations between the outcome of interest and investigated exploratory variables.</p

IPTp is associated with increased overall odds of severe malaria.

<p>Severe malaria as a fraction of positive bloodsmears by age of the child and maternal IPTp status (A) or dose (B), bandwidth one week. 1 dose: AOR = 1.43, p = 0.4 [95%CI: 0.62, 3.30]; 2(+) doses: AOR = 2.81, p = 0.008 [95%CI: 1.31, 6.01].</p

Land slope raster created using ArcMap 10.2.2.

<p>Data used for the creation of this map was obtained from the “Derived soil properties” of the FAO-NESCO Soil Map of the world, which aggregates the GTOPO30 dataset with a spatial resolution of 5*5 arc minutes (approximately 10km grids). Information on data processing and equations is available under the “Global Terrain Slope and Aspect Data” reference on the FAO website provided under the reference list [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0172638#pone.0172638.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>].</p