Incidence of non-neoplastic lesions observed in DNA polymerase β Tg mice.

*<p>Frequency defined as the number of animals with the lesion divided by the number of animals with the tissue examined histopathologically, multiplied by 100. Abnormal non-neoplastic changes were not detected in thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and pituitary.</p

Expression of Flag-Pol β in MEFs and tissues from Pol β Tg mice.

<p>(A) Specificity of mouse and human qRT-PCR analysis for Pol β expression: RNA was isolated from WT and Pol β KO MEFs and MEFs expressing the Flag-Pol β transgene, as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006493#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a> section. The relative level of expression of both the mouse (open bars) and human (filled bars) Pol β mRNA (normalized to mouse β-actin) was determined using mouse and human specific Taqman assays. Expression across samples was normalized to the expression level in the WT/Flag-Pol β MEF sample. (B) Expression of the human Pol β transgene in mouse tissues and tumors: RNA was isolated from the sample indicated in the plot, as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006493#s4" target="_blank">Methods</a> section. The relative level of expression of human Pol β mRNA (open bars; normalized to mouse β-actin) was determined using human specific Taqman assays as in panel A. Expression across samples was normalized to the expression level in the Tg Brain sample.</p

Decreased expression of Pol β in human esophageal adenocarcinoma.

<p>(A) Photomicrograph of sections of esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous mucosa stained for Pol β expression by immunohistochemistry. Top images reflect magnification×40 and the inserts depict magnification×100. (B) Bar graph representing relative expression level of Pol β in various tumors (stippled, open bars) and pathologically normal (grey bars) epithelial tissues. Immunoreactivity Score is the average of 5 different tumor samples each evaluated in two independent analyses.</p

Representative photomicrographs (H & E stain) of lenticular and glomerular damages in Pol β Tg mice.

<p>(A) Mature cataract characterized by degeneration/necrosis (liquefaction) and vacuolar formation in lens fibers (magnification×20). (B) High-magnification of figure a. Irregular proliferation of spindle lens fiber cells without production of normal lens fibers; necrosis and calcification are present (magnification×400). (C) Glomerular hyalinization with basement membrane thickening of Bowman's capsule, basophilic tubules, and tubular vacuolation in the renal cortex (magnification×400). (D) Glomerular hypercellularity with basement membrane thickening (magnification×400).</p

Incidence of non-neoplastic & neoplastic proliferative lesions in DNA polymerase β Tg mice.

*<p>Frequency defined as the number of animals with the lesion divided by the number of animals with the tissue examined histopathologically, multiplied by 100. Data derived from 15 males and 21 females except where noted. No neoplastic changes were detected in gallbladder, parathyroid, thymus, ileum, cecum, colon, pancreas, brain, eye, urinary bladder, testis, epididymis, prostate, seminal vesicle, oviduct, vagina, and mammary gland.</p

Incidence of macroscopic findings observed in DNA polymerase β Tg mice.

*<p>Frequency defined as the number of animals with the lesion divided by the number of animals with the tissue examined macroscopically, multiplied by 100.</p

Representative photomicrographs (H & E stain) of duodenal changes in Pol β Tg mice.

<p>(A) Normal duodenum. Note normal Brunner's glands (arrows) (magnification×20). (B) Diffuse hyperplasia of Brunner's glands (small arrows) and duodenal crypt epithelium (large arrow). Note markedly increased mucosal thickness due to glandular hyperplasia, compared to panel A (magnification×20). (C) Cystic dilatation of mucosal crypts and Brunner's glands with displacement of cystic glands into the tunica muscularis (magnification×200). (D) Focal proliferation of dysplastic glands in a mouse diagnosed with duodenal adenoma (magnification×400).</p

Incidence of non-neoplastic lesions observed in DNA polymerase β Tg mice.

*<p>Frequency defined as the number of animals with the lesion divided by the number of animals with the tissue examined histopathologically, multiplied by 100. Abnormal non-neoplastic changes were not detected in thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and pituitary.</p