CONSORT flow diagram.

<p>CONSORT flow diagram.</p

Cord and childhood 25(OH)D levels and total healthcare utilisation in the first three years of life.Adjusted correlation (Beta coefficient, β) between 25(OH) vitamin D levels measured at A) Birth and total healthcare utilization at age three years B) Age three years and total health care utilization by age three years.

<p>Cord and childhood 25(OH)D levels and total healthcare utilisation in the first three years of life.Adjusted correlation (Beta coefficient, β) between 25(OH) vitamin D levels measured at A) Birth and total healthcare utilization at age three years B) Age three years and total health care utilization by age three years.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 2

<p>Observational study findings for a relationship between breastfeeding ever and recurrent wheeze at age 5–14 years (A) and a Funnel plot for this analysis showing evidence of publication bias (B). Egger test <i>P</i> = 0.012. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; W, weight.</p

Measures of allergic inflammation at age three years.

<p>Ln IgE (A; n = 86), eNO (B; n = 62), and Ln eosinophil count (C; n = 90). Control versus daily and bolus vitamin D. Horizontal bars represent means. No significant difference between groups.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 5

<p>RCT findings for probiotic supplementation compared with no probiotics and risk of allergic sensitisation to any allergen (A), any inhalant allergen (B), any food allergen (C), egg (D), milk (E), or peanut (F). CI, confidence interval; RCT, randomised controlled trial; RR, risk ratio; W, weight.</p

GRADE assessment and summary of key findings.

<p>GRADE assessment and summary of key findings.</p

Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Fig 3

<p>Observational study findings for a relationship between breastfeeding ever (A) or exclusive breastfeeding for ≥3–4 months (B) and type 1 diabetes mellitus. CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; W, weight.</p

TSA of intervention trials evaluating the effect of fish oil supplementation on risk of allergic sensitisation to egg.

<p>The vertical red line is the optimal information size, i.e., the cumulative sample size required to establish with 80% power and 5% 2-sided significance whether the intervention reduces risk of the outcome by ≥20%, allowing for repeatedly meta-analysing the accumulating studies. The horizontal green line is a z score of +1.96, equal to two-sided <i>P</i> = 0.05. The cumulative Z-statistic (blue line) does not reach the optimal information size and does not cross the trial sequential monitoring boundary (curved red line), indicating no clear evidence for ≥20% relative risk reduction. Findings were similar for ≥30% relative risk reduction. No., number; TSA, trial sequential analysis.</p

Clinical outcomes at age three years. Combined vitamin D groups versus control.

<p>RR = risk ratio, OR = unadjusted odds ratio, aOR =  adjusted odds ratio, API = Asthma predictive index, URTI = upper respiratory tract infection, LRTI = lower respiratory tract infection.</p>†<p>Model adjusted for mother’s ethnic group, presence of household smokers, maternal smoking in pregnancy, exclusive breast-feeding to four months, any parental allergic history, any child vitamin supplementation, number of children in the household, age mother left full-time education and baseline concentration of 25(OH)D in maternal blood. n = 139 for primary outcome measure.</p>*<p>Adjusted p-value for multiple testing non-significant at 20% level.</p

PRISMA flow chart.

<p>CENTRAL, Central Register of Controlled Trials; EMBASE, Excerpta Medica dataBASE; LILACS, Literatura Latino Americana em Ciências da Saúde; MEDLINE, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online.</p