Larval exposure to field-realistic concentrations of clothianidin has no effect on development rate, over-winter survival or adult metabolic rate in a solitary bee, Osmia bicornis

There is widespread concern regarding the effects of agro-chemical exposure on bee health, of which neonicotinoids, systemic insecticides detected in the pollen and nectar of both crops and wildflowers, have been the most strongly debated. The majority of studies examining the effect of neonicotinoids on bees have focussed on social species, namely honey bees and bumble bees. However, most bee species are solitary, their life histories differing considerably from these social species, and thus it is possible that their susceptibility to pesticides may be quite different. Studies that have included solitary bees have produced mixed results regarding the impact of neonicotinoid exposure on survival and reproductive success. While the majority of studies have focused on the effects of adult exposure, bees are also likely to be exposed as larvae via the consumption of contaminated pollen. Here we examined the effect of exposure of Osmia bicornis larvae to a range of field-realistic concentrations (0–10 ppb) of the neonicotinoid clothianidin, observing no effect on larval development time, overwintering survival or adult weight. Flow-through respirometry was used to test for latent effects of larval exposure on adult physiological function. We observed differences between male and female bees in the propensity to engage in discontinuous gas exchange; however, no effect of larval clothianidin exposure was observed. Our results suggest that previously reported adverse effects of neonicotinoids on O. bicornis are most likely mediated by impacts on adults

Additional file 1: Appendix A of Measurement properties of comorbidity indices in maternal health research: a systematic review

Search strategy in MEDLINE, EMBASE. Detailed search strategy we used in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Appendix B Weighted conditions of the Maternal Comorbidity Index. Detailed description of the Maternal Comorbidity Index. Appendix C Weighted conditions of the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Detailed description of the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Appendix D List of comorbidities in the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. Detailed description of comorbidities in the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index. (PDF 58 kb

Actual and Preferred Location of Death.

<p>Actual and Preferred Location of Death.</p

High-Priority Areas for Quality Improvement.

<p>High-Priority Areas for Quality Improvement.</p

Characteristics of Respondents and Non-Respondents.

<p>Abbreviations: GI =  gastrointestinal.</p><p>Characteristics of Respondents and Non-Respondents.</p

Importance Satisfaction Grid.

<p>Importance Satisfaction Grid.</p

Factors Associated with Satisfaction with End-of-Life Care.

<p>Abbreviations: ref  =  reference; vs  =  versus.</p><p>Factors Associated with Satisfaction with End-of-Life Care.</p

Additional file 1: of The determinants of home and nursing home death: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Literature search strategy. (PDF 39 kb

Additional file 3: of The determinants of home and nursing home death: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study design and characteristics of the studies included. (PDF 179 kb

The Ebola virus disease epidemic in the Conakry area, Guinea, March 2014 to February 2015.

<p>(A) Map of the study area, which consists of Conakry and the surrounding prefectures of Boffa, Coyah, Dubreka, Forecariah, Fria, Kindia, and Telimele (for which diagnoses were mostly performed by the IPD-LFHP laboratory) (the administrative boundaries were taken from the GADM database; <a href="http://www.gadm.org/" target="_blank">http://www.gadm.org/</a>). (B) Number of cases by month of symptom onset. The total number of probable and confirmed cases in the study area that were hospitalized is indicated in grey. The number of those that were diagnosed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) by the IPD-LFHP laboratory is in blue.</p