2,082 research outputs found
Crystal Two: The Origin of Iqaluit
Iqaluit is unique among Canadian Arctic communities in that it originated not from a commercial venture, such as mining or the fur trade, or as a government administrative centre, but as a Second World War military airfield. This airfield, though never fully used for its intended purpose as a refueling base for short-range military aircraft en route from America to Great Britain, is the cornerstone of the city of Iqaluit. It opened the region to development during the postwar years. As a result, Iqaluit became a key transportation and communication hub for the eastern Arctic and, ultimately, the capital city of the new territory of Nunavut. This survey of Iqaluit's wartime origins and subsequent development focuses on four topics. The first is the pre-war and wartime effort to establish an air route from North America to Europe via the Arctic; the second, the world events that precipitated construction of a series of northern airfields, including Crystal Two, that would form the links in the Crimson Air Route. The third is the importance of the Crystal Two airfield for the postwar development of Iqaluit, and the final focus is on the resourceful individuals who pulled it all together, overcoming a myriad of apparently insurmountable obstacles to complete their mission.Iqaluit est unique en son genre au Canada en ce qu'elle n'a pas vu le jour à la suite d'une entreprise commerciale, comme l'exploitation minière ou la traite des fourrures, ou encore en tant que centre de l'administration gouvernementale, mais comme terrain d'aviation militaire durant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Bien qu'il n'ait jamais servi complètement son but prévu de base de ravitaillement en carburant pour les avions militaires à court rayon d'action volant entre l'Amérique et la Grande-Bretagne, ce terrain d'aviation est la pierre angulaire de la ville d'Iqaluit. Il a ouvert la région au développement durant les années de l'après-guerre, faisant ainsi d'Iqaluit une plaque tournante majeure du transport et des communications dans l'Arctique oriental et, en fin de compte, la capitale du nouveau territoire du Nunavut. Cette étude sur les origines d'Iqaluit durant la guerre et son évolution subséquente se concentre sur quatre grands éléments. Le premier est l'effort avant et durant la guerre visant à établir une route aérienne entre l'Amérique du Nord et l'Europe via l'Arctique; le second, les événements mondiaux qui précipitèrent la construction d'une série de terrains d'aviation dans le Nord - y compris Crystal Two - qui allaient créer les relais de la route aérienne Crimson. Le troisième est l'importance du terrain d'aviation Crystal Two pour le développement d'Iqaluit après la guerre, et le dernier concerne les individus ingénieux qui ont mené à bien le projet, tout en étant confrontés à une myriade d'obstacles apparemment insurmontables pour accomplir leur mission
Human rights, human development, and peace: inseparable ingredients in Africa's quest for prosperity
Despite decades of foreign aid, abundance of natural and human resources,
and numerous development initiatives, the African continent remains largely
underdeveloped, marginalised and excluded from major decision-making
processes that shape today’s world. The purpose of this research is to
examine the reasons for the continuous underdevelopment and
marginalisation of the African continent and to advance pragmatic measures
to be put in place to reverse the situation.
The thesis demonstrates that Africa’s underdevelopment and marginalisation
cannot be divorced from the effects of centuries of exploitation, domination,
and exclusion through the slave trade, colonialism, and neo-colonialism on
the one hand, and decades of poor socio-economic and political governance
that have characterised the continent since independence, on the other. One
of the main findings of the research is that, over the years, African leaders
have consciously or unconsciously failed to recognise the fundamental link
between human rights, human development, and peace as a foundation for
development, and this failure has resulted in their inability to craft sustainable
development initiatives for the continent.
Given the prominent place human rights, good governance, democracy,
peace and stability occupy in both the Constitutive Act of the African Union
(CA-AU)1 and the New Partnership for Africa’s Development2 (referred
throughout this thesis as the NEPAD Document), the thesis further
demonstrates that there is an intrinsic relationship between human rights,
human development, and peace which is necessary for development. It
analyses the extent to which this relationship has been taken into account in
1 The Constitutive Act of the African Union, OAU Doc. CAB/LEG/23.15, was adopted
11 July 2000 in Lomé, Togo and entered into force May 26, 2001.
2 The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD or the NEPAD Document)
2001. The NEPAD is an economic development program of the African Union. The
NEPAD was adopted at the 37th Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and
Government in July 2001 in Lusaka, Zambia.
PhD Thesis Human Rights, Human Development and Peace – inseparable ingredients in Africa’s quest for prosperity
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the conception, formulation, and implementation of the objectives of both the
AU and the NEPAD; and concludes that the NEPAD and the AU initiatives
provide a strong foundation and offer an excellent opportunity for Africans to
begin to reverse centuries of exploitation, domination, and decades of socioeconomic
and political exclusion, as well as re-orientate the governance and
development strategy of the continent.
The thesis is premised on the realisation that respect for human rights, the
promotion of human development, and the consolidation of peace, coupled
with good political and economic governance are conditions sine qua non for
any meaningful development. It further reveals that respect for human rights
provides a foundation upon which rests the political structures of human
freedoms. The achievement of human freedom generates the will as well as
the capacity for economic and social progress. The attainment of economic
and social progress provides the basis for durable peace.
The thesis concludes that human rights, human development, and peace are
interdependent, interrelated, indivisible and mutually reinforcing, and thus
inseparable ingredients in Africa’s quest for prosperity
The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights as a mechanism for the protection of human rights in Africa
Public International LawLL.M. (Public International Law
The Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment: Exploring Fundamental Symmetries of the Universe
The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early Universe, the
dynamics of the supernova bursts that produced the heavy elements necessary for
life and whether protons eventually decay --- these mysteries at the forefront
of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early
evolution of our Universe, its current state and its eventual fate. The
Long-Baseline Neutrino Experiment (LBNE) represents an extensively developed
plan for a world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions. LBNE
is conceived around three central components: (1) a new, high-intensity
neutrino source generated from a megawatt-class proton accelerator at Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory, (2) a near neutrino detector just downstream
of the source, and (3) a massive liquid argon time-projection chamber deployed
as a far detector deep underground at the Sanford Underground Research
Facility. This facility, located at the site of the former Homestake Mine in
Lead, South Dakota, is approximately 1,300 km from the neutrino source at
Fermilab -- a distance (baseline) that delivers optimal sensitivity to neutrino
charge-parity symmetry violation and mass ordering effects. This ambitious yet
cost-effective design incorporates scalability and flexibility and can
accommodate a variety of upgrades and contributions. With its exceptional
combination of experimental configuration, technical capabilities, and
potential for transformative discoveries, LBNE promises to be a vital facility
for the field of particle physics worldwide, providing physicists from around
the globe with opportunities to collaborate in a twenty to thirty year program
of exciting science. In this document we provide a comprehensive overview of
LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the landscape of neutrino physics
worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate and the capabilities it will
possess.Comment: Major update of previous version. This is the reference document for
LBNE science program and current status. Chapters 1, 3, and 9 provide a
comprehensive overview of LBNE's scientific objectives, its place in the
landscape of neutrino physics worldwide, the technologies it will incorporate
and the capabilities it will possess. 288 pages, 116 figure
Access to the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights: A Case of the Poacher Turned Gamekeeper?
Design, Performance, and Calibration of CMS Hadron-Barrel Calorimeter Wedges
Extensive measurements have been made with pions, electrons and muons on four production wedges of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) hadron barrel (HB) calorimeter in the H2 beam line at CERN with particle momenta varying from 20 to 300 GeV/c. Data were taken both with and without a prototype electromagnetic lead tungstate crystal calorimeter (EB) in front of the hadron calorimeter. The time structure of the events was measured with the full chain of preproduction front-end electronics running at 34 MHz. Moving-wire radioactive source data were also collected for all scintillator layers in the HB. These measurements set the absolute calibration of the HB prior to first pp collisions to approximately 4%
Energy Response and Longitudinal Shower Profiles Measured in CMS HCAL and Comparison With Geant4
The response of the CMS combined electromagnetic and hadron calorimeter to beams of pions with momenta in the range 5-300 GeV/c has been measured in the H2 test beam at CERN. The raw response with the electromagnetic compartment calibrated to electrons and the hadron compartment calibrated to 300 GeV pions may be represented by sigma = (1.2) sqrt{E} oplus (0.095) E. The fraction of energy visible in the calorimeter ranges from 0.72 at 5 GeV to 0.95 at 300 GeV, indicating a substantial nonlinearity. The intrinsic electron to hadron ratios are fit as a function of energy and found to be in the range 1.3-2.7 for the electromagnetic compartment and 1.4-1.8 for the hadronic compartment. The fits are used to correct the non-linearity of the e pi response to 5% over the entire measured range resulting in a substantially improved resolution at low energy. Longitudinal shower profile have been measured in detail and compared to Geant4 models, LHEP-3.7 and QGSP-2.8. At energies below 30 GeV, the data, LHEP and QGSP are in agreement. Above 30 GeV, LHEP gives a more accurate simulation of the longitudinal shower profile
Synchronization and Timing in CMS HCAL
The synchronization and timing of the hadron calorimeter (HCAL) for the Compact Muon Solenoid has been extensively studied with test beams at CERN during the period 2003-4, including runs with 40 MHz structured beam. The relative phases of the signals from different calorimeter segments are timed to 1 ns accuracy using a laser and equalized using programmable delay settings in the front-end electronics. The beam was used to verify the timing and to map out the entire range of pulse shapes over the 25 ns interval between beam crossings. These data were used to make detailed measurements of energy-dependent time slewing effects and to tune the electronics for optimal performance
Design, Performance, and Calibration of CMS Hadron Endcap Calorimeters
Detailed measurements have been made with the CMS hadron calorimeter endcaps (HE) in response to beams of muons, electrons, and pions. Readout of HE with custom electronics and hybrid photodiodes (HPDs) shows no change of performance compared to readout with commercial electronics and photomultipliers. When combined with lead-tungstenate crystals, an energy resolution of 8\% is achieved with 300 GeV/c pions. A laser calibration system is used to set the timing and monitor operation of the complete electronics chain. Data taken with radioactive sources in comparison with test beam pions provides an absolute initial calibration of HE to approximately 4\% to 5\%
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