Model-based selective testing strategy.

<p>Abbreviations: GAS, group A streptococcus.</p

Key concepts in current North-American clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis, with corresponding quotes.

<p>Key concepts in current North-American clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis, with corresponding quotes.</p

Predictor variables included in the multivariable model.

<p>Predictor variables included in the multivariable model.</p

Relationship between both Log (U5MR) and Log (MMR) and Log (GDP per capita).

<p>The well-known Preston relationship is clearly visible, with correlation coefficients of between -.8 and -.9. A line of best fit curve is added showing a similar slope for both years, as well as a shift rightward and downward in 2010 compared to 1990. There are 170, 179, 162, 173 countries shown respectively (A-D).</p

Contribution of changes in the levels of determinates of health (health interventions, social and environmental determinants) to reductions in U5MR, 1990–2010 (A).

<p>Out of 768 models run, the contribution of factor level changes averaged 89%. Of these, half included a variable for fertility (Log of TFR lagged 5 years), and half did not out of concern for endogeneity. The decomposition to the right shows how these improvements averaged a breakdown by indicator. Details of this latter composition are shown in Table A in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144908#pone.0144908.s001" target="_blank">S1 Appendix</a>. For uncertainty ranges around each estimate see Figure B in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0144908#pone.0144908.s001" target="_blank">S1 Appendix</a>.</p

Sequence-type (ST) distribution of serotype 6C invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD, n = 71) or nasopharyngeal (NP) colonizing (n = 30) strains.

<p>*STs were grouped on the basis of at least five out of seven identical alleles, according to eBURST analysis;</p><p>°According to the Pneumococcal MLST website, <a href="http://spneumoniae.mlst.net" target="_blank">http://spneumoniae.mlst.net</a>; 9 Dec 2013, last accessed;</p>§<p>In bold, major related serotype; in brackets, single report.</p

Spectrum effect analysis: performance of rapid antigen detection test by clinical spectrum.

<p>Abbreviations: GAS, group A streptococcus; PLR, positive likelihood ratio; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.</p>a<p>χ² test; ^b Mantel-Haenszel's χ² test; ^c χ² test for trend.</p

Antibiotic resistance in carriage and invasive 6B, 6A or 6C pneumococcal isolates over time.

<p>Pen, penicillin; E, erythromycin; T, tetracycline.</p><p>*The main resistance phenotype is indicated in bold.</p

Distribution of serotypes 6A, 6B, and 6C among <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> isolates recovered from invasive pneumococcal disease (meningitis and bacteremia, n = 12,345) according to age group, from 2002 to 2011.

<p>Introduction of PCV7 in France, March 2002, for children at high risk for IPD; Generalization of PCV7 for children <2 years in 2006; Introduction of PCV13 in France, June 2010.</p><p>*Significant trend over the 5 periods, calculation was performed by the extended Mantel-Haenszel Chi square test for linear trend.</p><p>°Serotype conventionally determined as 6A that could not be further tested for serotype 6C.</p><p>NA, Not applicable; NS, not significant.</p