Honorary and ghost authorship

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Comparison of Pressurized and Gravity Distribution Systems for Wastewater Treatment

Pressurized distribution of domestic wastewater over a sand filter surface achieves better treatment than gravity distribution. The pressurized distribution system caused the filter to better remove organics (BOD₅) and suspended solids. Pressurized distribution also caused the sand filter to achieve more complete nitrification than the filter having gravity distribution. Two slow sand filters 15.2 cm wide, 3.1 m long and 15.2 cm deep were built and loaded with domestic septic tank effluent for 250 days at a rate of 5.1 cm per day. Influent and effluent samples were collected and analyzed for five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅), suspended solids, ammonia- nitrogen, and nitrate-nitrogen. One filter received septic tank effluent through a 10 cm nominal diameter PVC perforated pipe viaa distribution box dosed by a pump with gravity flow from the distribution box to the pipe. The other filter received water through a 2.5 cm nominal diameter PVC pipe having 0.4 cm diameter holes drilled 76.2 cm on center. The gravity distribution filter system achieved mean effluent values of 36.4 mg// BOD₅ , 19.8 mg// suspended solids, 37.6 mg// ammonia-nitrogen, and 46.6 mg// nitrate-nitrogen. The pressurized distribution system achieved 19.1 mg// BOD₅\u3e 12.2 mg// suspended solids, 25.3 mg// ammonia-nitrogen, and 64.03 mg// nitrate-nitrogen. Influent to the filters averaged 132.1 mg// , 90.3 mg//, 70.3 mg// , and 3.6 mg// BOD₅ , suspended solids, ammonia-nitrogen, and nitrate- nitrogen, respectively

Electronic Structures of Group 9 Metallocorroles with Axial Ammines

The electronic structures of metallocorroles (tpfc)M(NH_3)_2 and (tfc)M(NH_3)_2 (tpfc is the trianion of 5,10,15-(tris)pentafluorophenylcorrole, tfc is the trianion of 5,10,15-trifluorocorrole, and M = Co, Rh, Ir) have been computed using first principles quantum mechanics [B3LYP flavor of Density Functional Theory (DFT) with Poisson−Boltzmann continuum solvation]. The geometry was optimized for both the neutral systems (formal M^(III) oxidation state) and the one-electron oxidized systems (formally M^(IV)). As expected, the M^(III) systems have a closed shell d^6 configuration; for all three metals, the one-electron oxidation was calculated to occur from a ligand-based orbital (highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of B_1 symmetry). The ground state of the formal M^(IV) system has M^(III)-Cπ character, indicating that the metal remains d^6, with the hole in the corrole π system. As a result the calculated M^(IV/III) reduction potentials are quite similar (0.64, 0.67, and 0.56 V vs SCE for M = Ir, Rh and Co, respectively), whereas the differences would have been large for purely metal-based oxidations. Vertically excited states with substantial metal character are well separated from the ground state in one-electron-oxidized cobalt (0.27 eV) and rhodium (0.24 eV) corroles, but become closer in energy in the iridium (0.15 eV) analogues. The exact splittings depend on the chosen functional and basis set combination and vary by ~0.1 eV

Violation of the `Zero-Force Theorem' in the time-dependent Krieger-Li-Iafrate approximation

We demonstrate that the time-dependent Krieger-Li-Iafrate approximation in combination with the exchange-only functional violates the `Zero-Force Theorem'. By analyzing the time-dependent dipole moment of Na5 and Na9+, we furthermore show that this can lead to an unphysical self-excitation of the system depending on the system properties and the excitation strength. Analytical aspects, especially the connection between the `Zero-Force Theorem' and the `Generalized-Translation Invariance' of the potential, are discussed.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Effects of CarbonDioxide on Rainbow Trout Larvae: Application for Invasive Fish Eradication

Currently, efforts are underway to eradicate invasive fish species that threaten the ecological integrity of aquatic ecosystems. Several studies have examined the effects of anesthetizing fish for easier handling, surgical procedures, tagging and management. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is an approved and efficient anesthetic for adult fish in medicine and aquaculture and is favorable due to lack of residues, zero withdrawal period and does not need to be registered as its classification is generally regarded as safe (GRAS). Carbon dioxide has also shown to have lethal effects on other life history stages of fish. In this study, various early life stages of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae were exposed to CO2 in the form of dry ice pellets to determine the critical period of sensitivity for mortality in a model salmonid species. Studies were conducted in aluminum tanks (n = 3 tanks per treatment, with three chambers in each tank with 40 larvae per chamber) with 68 liters of filtered creek water (dissolved CO2 = 4 mg/l, dissolved O2 = 8.125 mg/l, pH = 7.78, temperature = 12.9°C, conductivity = -55 mV, Total alkalinity as CaCO3 = 160 mg/l). Larvae exposed at post hatch day 10 had increased susceptibility to CO2, when compared with earlier embryonic stages. The results of the experiment indicate that early rainbow trout life history stages are susceptible to CO2 but only at late embryonic stages and may have implications for systematically eradicating invasive salmonids

Higher-Loop Corrections to the Infrared Evolution of a Gauge Theory with Fermions

We consider a vectorial, asymptotically free gauge theory and analyze the effect of higher-loop corrections to the beta function on the evolution of the theory from the ultraviolet to the infrared. We study the case in which the theory contains $N_f$ copies of a fermion transforming according to the fundamental representation and several higher-dimensional representations of the gauge group. We also calculate higher-loop values of the anomalous dimension of the mass, $\gamma_m$ of $\bar\psi\psi$ at the infrared zero of the beta function. We find that for a given theory, the values of $\gamma_m$ calculated to three- and four-loop order, and evaluated at the infrared zero computed to the same order, tend to be somewhat smaller than the value calculated to two-loop order. The results are compared with recent lattice simulations.Comment: 22 pages, latex, matches Phys. Rev. D publicatio

The Effects of Ultraviolet Light on Rainbow Trout Embryos

There currently exists a need to develop new approaches to control aquatic invasive and nuisance species. The effects of light radiation such as ultra-violet wavelengths of light have shown negative effects, such as increased embryo mortality in early embryonic salmonid larvae. This study explores the use of light radiation for eradication of invasive fish. Experiments were conducted to evaluate dose and critical period of sensitivity for mortality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos after exposure to visual and ultra-violet light radiation. Endpoints recorded include exposure intensity, effective distance from source, duration of exposure, malformations and mortality. Introduced light may be an effective and feasible eradication technique of early life history stages of fish and invertebrate invasive species in situ, as light can be implemented and removed with minimal environmental impact

Geodatabase Development to Support Hyperspectral Imagery Exploitation

Geodatabase development for coastal studies conducted by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) is essential to support the exploitation of hyperspectral imagery (HSI). NRL has found that the remote sensing and mapping science community benefits from coastal classifications that group coastal types based on similar features. Selected features in project geodatabases relate to significant biological and physical forces that shape the coast. The project geodatabases help researchers understand factors that are necessary for imagery post processing, especially those features having a high degree of temporal and spatial variability. NRL project geodatabases include a hierarchy of environmental factors that extend from shallow water bottom types and beach composition to inland soil and vegetation characteristics. These geodatabases developed by NRL allow researchers to compare features among coast types. The project geodatabases may also be used to enhance littoral data archives that are sparse. This paper highlights geodatabase development for recent remote sensing experiments in barrier island, coral, and mangrove coast types