3,104 research outputs found
Strengthening Africa’s Contributions to Child Development Research: Introduction
The articles in this Special Section are based on contributions to an SRCD-sponsored invitational conference held in Victoria, Canada, in February 2009. This introductory article establishes the rationale for focusing on Africa as part of an effort to advance a more inclusive science of child development, provides a brief overview of the thrust of the other articles in the section, describes 2 research capacity-building initiatives that emerged from the conference, and concludes with reflective perspectives on conceptual and methodological considerations for a future African child development field
Protecting State Constitutional Rights from Unconstitutional Conditions
The unconstitutional conditions doctrine limits the ability of governments to force individuals to choose between retaining a right and enjoying a government benefit. The doctrine has primarily remained a creature of federal law, with neither courts nor commentators focusing on the potentially important role of state doctrines of unconstitutional conditions. This omission has become especially significant during the COVID-19 pandemic, as actions by state and local governments have presented unconstitutional conditions questions in a range of novel contexts. The overruling of Roe v. Wade and the resulting focus on state constitutional rights to abortion will offer additional new settings for state unconstitutional conditions analysis.
As attention turns to distinctive state constitutional rights — in the context of COVID-19 disputes, abortion litigation, and more generally — state courts should develop their own state doctrines of unconstitutional conditions, rather than simply reverting to federal unconstitutional conditions analysis. Three reasons in particular drive this doctrinal claim. First, the unconstitutional conditions doctrine helps to define the scope and weight of a constitutional right. A state court that ignores the unconstitutional conditions doctrine when considering the constitutionality of a state statute or regulation risks undermining the very nature of the right. Second, uncritically adopting federal doctrine ignores the state’s distinctive legal framework, interests, and history, all of which might lead to a deviation from federal law. With respect to the topics on which unconstitutional conditions litigation typically focuses, such as licenses and permits, the federal-state disparities are especially stark. Third, robust legal development in our federal system depends in part upon the interplay of different institutional interpreters. When state courts and federal courts engage in independent interpretative activity, they create the possibility of dialogue and mutual learning. This interpretive interplay enhances federal doctrine, as well as doctrinal development in other states. Given the gaps and inconsistencies in the unconstitutional conditions doctrine, such interjurisdictional enlightenment is especially needed in this area. After explaining why states should develop their own doctrines of unconstitutional conditions, we suggest the relevant considerations that should guide states in formulating their doctrines
Plug flow and the breakdown of Bagnold scaling in cohesive granular flows
Cohesive granular media flowing down an inclined plane are studied by
discrete element simulations. Previous work on cohesionless granular media
demonstrated that within the steady flow regime where gravitational energy is
balanced by dissipation arising from intergrain forces, the velocity profile in
the flow direction scales with depth in a manner consistent with the
predictions of Bagnold. Here we demonstrate that this Bagnold scaling does not
hold for the analogous steady-flows in cohesive granular media. We develop a
generalization of the Bagnold constitutive relation to account for our
observation and speculate as to the underlying physical mechanisms responsible
for the different constitutive laws for cohesive and noncohesive granular
media.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figure
The Ursinus Weekly, October 31, 1960
Second Forum to feature speaker on Bill of Rights • Pre-medders hear Dean of Jefferson • Conference on careers to be held in Phila. • Mr. Jones attends colloquium on college admissions in N.Y. • Sixty-one girls get sorority bids • Debating Club to hold meet on Tues., Nov. 1 • National Teacher Exams to be given on Feb. 11 • Big Little Sister party to be held Tuesday, Nov. 1 in college woods • Young Democrats hear Kennedy in Norristown on Sat. • YM-YW to sponsor formal political debate on Nov. 2 • New Lantern staff policy includes planned criticism • Newman Club to discuss All Saint\u27s Day at meeting • Young Republicans poll campus to determine student political leanings • APO initiates 17 new pledges • Chemistry society tours research laboratory • Society Hill Playhouse launches inaugural season • Frosh elect officers; Dave Kohr is president • Senior class to receive annuals • Spanish Club hears Dave Williams on October 17 • Editorial: A proposal • Letters to the editor • Hurrah! Brave new world • Point of interest • Reflections • Customs program called beneficial • Bears lose two games in soccer • Ursinus trackman sets AAU record • Wagner defeats Bears; Allebach is standout • Lassies divide during past week • Intramural corner • 1,350 fellowships offered by N.C.S. • Presidential humor • Y hears speaker on social work • Phila. Museum of Art to open new wing • Russian film premieres at Franklin Institute • Phila. art directors to have exhibition • Romance language teachers to attend dinner at Temple • Captain Dinneen of U.S. Army to visit Ursinus • Business Administration Club to hear Mr. King speak Weds.https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1325/thumbnail.jp
Scattering and Iron Fluorescence Revealed During Absorption Dips in Circinus X-1
We show that dramatic spectral evolution associated with dips occurring near
phase zero in RXTE observations of Cir X-1 is well-fit by variable and at times
heavy absorption (N_H > 10^24 cm^-2) of a bright component, plus an underlying
faint component which is not attenuated by the variable column and whose flux
is ~10% of that of the unabsorbed bright component. A prominent Fe emission
line at ~6.5 keV is evident during the dips. The absolute line flux outside the
dips is similar to that during the dips, indicating that the line is associated
with the faint component. These results are consistent with a model in which
the bright component is radiation received directly from a compact source while
the faint component may be attributed to scattered radiation. Our results are
also generally consistent with those of Brandt et al., who found that a
partial- covering model could explain ASCA spectra of a low-to-high transition
in Cir X-1. The relative brightness of the two components in our model requires
a column density of ~2*10^23 cm^-2 if the faint component is due to Thomson
scattering in material that mostly surrounds the source. We find that
illumination of such a scattering cloud by the observed direct component would
produce an Fe K-alpha fluorescence flux that is in rough agreement with the
flux of the observed emission line. We also conclude that if the scattering
medium is not highly ionized, our line of sight to the compact source does not
pass through it. Finally, we discuss simple pictures of the absorbers
responsible for the dips themselves.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal (23 pages,
including 11 figures
The Diversity of Concentrated Prescribing Behavior: An Application to Antipsychotics
Physicians prescribing drugs for patients with schizophrenia and related conditions are remarkably concentrated in their choice among antipsychotic drugs. In 2007 the single antipsychotic drug prescribed by a physician accounted for 66% of all antipsychotic prescriptions written by that physician. Which particular branded antipsychotic was the prescriber's "favorite" varied widely across physicians, i.e. physician prescribing concentration patterns are diverse. Building on Frank and Zeckhauser's [2007] characterization of physician treatments varying from "custom made" to "ready-to-wear", we construct a model of physician learning that generates a number of hypotheses. Using 2007 annual antipsychotic prescribing behavior on 17,652 physicians from IMS Health, we evaluate these predictions empirically. While physician prescribing behavior is generally quite concentrated, prescribers having greater volumes, those with training in psychiatry, male prescribers, and those not approaching retirement age tend to have less concentrated prescribing patterns.
Learning curve for quantification of right ventricular size and systolic function in pulmonary arterial hypertension: comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance and three-dimensional echocardiography
901-110 Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Can Accurately Reconstruct Intravascular Thrombi: In Vitro Validation
High-frequency ultrasound can potentially display gross morphologic changes during thrombus formation and lysis. Current intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) devices, however, provide only 2-dimensional cross-sectional images with limited overall appreciation of thrombus size and 3-dimensional (3D) configuration. The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of 3D reconstruction of serial ultrasound images to provide a quantitative assessment of intravascular thrombi. We therefore imaged 11 arterial thrombi of varying shape and volume (10 to 116mm3). To avoid thrombus disruption, we used an epivascular approach (also suitable for transvenous imaging) with a 20MHz IVUS catheter withdrawn at 1mm/sec. A 3D voxel image intensity data set was reconstructed, and thrombus volume was semiautomatically extracted based on its intensity. Calculated volume was compared with directly measured values by volume displacement in a miniature cylinder.Results3D reconstruction provided previously unobtainable longitudinal and 3D views that improved spatial appreciation of thrombus size, shape and channel formation. Calculated thrombus volumes agreed well with actual volumes: y=0.92x+2.4, r=0.98, SEE=5mm3, mean error = 1±5mm3(ns vs 0).Conclusion3D reconstruction can improve spatial appreciation of the shape of thrombi and accurately measure their volumes. This approach, suitable for epivascular or transvenous imaging, could potentially be used to study thrombus formation and lysis in research and clinical studies
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