Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for gestational diabetes (GDM) according to maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in pregnancy.

<p>Vitamin D deficiency was defined using cut-points given by Holick, MF (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003753#pone.0003753-Holick1" target="_blank">[reference 1]</a>).</p>*<p>Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity and family history of diabetes.</p>**<p>Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity and family history of diabetes as well as pre-pregnancy body mass index.</p

Maternal plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in pregnancy among 57 GDM cases and 114 controls.

<p>Vertical bars indicate means±SD (standard deviation).</p

Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for gestational diabetes (GDM) according to both maternal plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficient status and pre-pregnancy overweight status.

*<p>Vitamin D deficiency is defined as maternal plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <20 ng/ml (Holick MF, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0003753#pone.0003753-Holick1" target="_blank">[reference 1]</a>).</p>**<p>Overweight is defined as pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m².</p>1<p>Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, and family history of diabetes.</p

Characteristics of study participants according to gestational diabetes (GDM) case-control status.

1<p>Mean±SD (standard deviation).</p>*<p>Matched factor.</p

Dietary intake and diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>The evidence linking dietary intake with diabetic retinopathy (DR) is growing but unclear. We conducted a systematic review of the association between dietary intake and DR.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Central register of controlled trials, for publications between January 1967 and January 2017 using standardized criteria for diet and DR. Interventional and observational studies investigating micro- and macro-nutrient intakes; food and beverage consumptions; and dietary patterns were included. Study quality was evaluated using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies, and the Cochrane collaboration tool for interventional studies.</p><p>Results</p><p>Of 4265 titles initially identified, 31 studies (3 interventional, 28 Observational) were retained. Higher intakes of dietary fibre, oily fish, and greater adherence to a Mediterranean diet were protective of DR. Conversely, high total caloric intake was associated with higher risk of DR. No significant associations of carbohydrate, vitamin D, and sodium intake with DR were found. Associations of antioxidants, fatty acids, proteins and alcohol with DR remain equivocal.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Dietary fibre, oily fish, a Mediterranean diet and a reduced caloric intake are associated with lower risk of DR. Longitudinal data and interventional models are warranted to confirm our findings and better inform clinical guidelines.</p></div

Dietary intake of macro-nutrients and DR.

<p>Dietary intake of macro-nutrients and DR.</p

PRISMA Flow Diagram: Selection of included studies.

<p>PRISMA Flow Diagram: Selection of included studies.</p

Characteristics of studies (n = 31).

<p>Characteristics of studies (n = 31).</p

Overview of dietary components assessed in the studies included in our systematic review.

<p>Overview of dietary components assessed in the studies included in our systematic review.</p

Dietary intake of micro-nutrients and DR.

<p>Dietary intake of micro-nutrients and DR.</p