Dijagnostika plućne embolije u Objedinjenom hitnom bolničkom prijamu

The aim of this study was to determine the association of clinical presentation, the Wells scoring system and D-dimer values with MSCT pulmonary angiography. A case control study was conducted in the Emergency Department of the Clinical Hospital Sveti Duh throughout 2019. Patients with a referral diagnosis of a pulmonary embolism were included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism by MSCT pulmonary angiography or postmortem, and the second group consisted of patients excluded from pulmonary embolisms. For the Wells score, D-dimers, troponin, respiratory rate and peripheral blood oxygen saturation, statistically significant differences were found between groups of patients with confirmed or excluded pulmonary embolism (p <0.001). For heart rate, chest pain, syncope, and hemoptysis, no statistically significant differences were found between these two groups of patients. Deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities was found by ultrasound in > 70% of patients with massive a pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism was confirmed in all patients for whom a high risk was calculated according to the Wells score. In conclusion, a low degree of clinical probability (according to the Wells score), along with a normal concentration of D-dimer, are a sure strategy in excluding pulmonary embolism.Cilj rada je bio utvrditi povezanost kliničke slike, Wellsovog bodovnog sustava i vrijednosti D-dimera s MSCT plućnom angiografijom. Provedena je studija istraživanja parova u Objedinjenom hitnom bolničkom prijamu Kliničke bolnice „Sveti Duh“ tijekom cijele 2019. godine. U istraživanje su bili uključeni bolesnici sa uputnom dijagnozom plućne embolije. Bolesnici su podijeljeni u dvije skupine. U prvoj su skupini bili bolesnici kojima je dijagnoza plućne embolije potvrđena MSCT plućnom angiografijom ili post mortem, a drugu skupinu su činili bolesnici kod kojih je isključena plućna embolija. Za Wellsov skor, D-dimere, troponin, frekvenciju disanja i perifernu zasićenost krvi kisikom nađene su statistički značajne razlike između skupina bolesnika s potvrđenom, odnosno isključenom plućnom embolijom (p<0,001). Za frekvenciju srca, bol u prsima, sinkopu i hemoptizu nije nađena statistički značajna razlika između ove dvije skupine bolesnika. U >70% bolesnika s masivnom plućnom embolijom ultrazvučno je nađena duboka venska tromboza donjih ekstremiteta. Kod svih bolesnika kojima je prema Wellsovom bodovnom skoru izračunat visok rizik potvrđena je plućna embolija. Zaključno, niski stupanj kliničke vjerojatnosti (prema Wellsovom bodovnom skoru) zajedno s normalnom koncentracijom D-dimera sigurna su strategija u isključenju plućne embolije

Dijagnostička vrijednost ultrazvuka srca u procjeni trajanja arterijske hipertenzije

The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between the degree and duration of arterial hypertension and the hypertrophy of the left ventricle and the ejection fraction of the heart, with cardiac ultrasound. Our prospective study included 50 patients with arterial hypertension as leading diagnosis. All 50 patients were consecutively examined in the Emergency Department and then referred to the Cardiac clinic of the Clinical Hospital “Sveti Duh” for further evaluation. The inclusion criteria were male and female aged 18 and older and arterial hypertension as leading diagnosis during Emergency Department visit. Exclusion criteria were pathological conditions that alter myocardial architecture and impair contractility. Measurement of the left ventricle thickness based on the thickness of the intraventricular septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle, and the ejection fraction was ultrasonically determined. The highest proportion of subjects was with the first degree of arterial hypertension, followed by subjects with a third degree. The average duration of arterial hypertension was 6.14 years. Of the total number of subjects, 28% did not take any antihypertensive drugs. A statistically significant association was found between the degree and duration of arterial hypertension with the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. Significant association wasn’t found between the degree or duration of arterial hypertension and the heart ejection fraction. Our study have shown strong correlation between the degree and duration of arterial hypertension and the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and ultrasound could be a useful method in the evaluation of some patients with arterial hypertension in the emergency department.Cilj istraživanja je bio uz pomoć ultrazvuka srca procijeniti povezanosti između stupnja i duljine trajanja arterijske hipertenzije te razvoja hipertrofije lijeve klijetke i istisne frakcije srca. Provedeno je prospektivno istraživanje koje je uključivalo 50 bolesnika sa arterijskom hipertenzijom kao vodećom dijagnozom. Svih 50 bolesnika je uzastopno pregledano u Objedinjenom hitnom bolničkom prijamu, a nakon toga upućeno u kardiološku ambulantu Kliničke bolnice „Sveti Duh“ na daljnju obradu. U istraživanje su bili uključeni bolesnici stariji od 18 godina, oba spola, s vodećom dijagnozom arterijske hipertenzije postavljene u Objedinjenom hitnom bolničkom prijamu dok su iz istraživanja bili isključeni bolesnici s patološkim stanjima koja mijenjaju arhitekturu i narušavaju kontraktilnost srca. Ultrazvučno se određivala debljina stijenke lijeve klijetke sačinjena od debljine intraventrikularnog septuma i stražnje stijenke lijeve klijetke te istisna frakcija. Najveći udio ispitanika bio je s prvim stupnjem, a slijedili su ih ispitanici s trećim stupnjem arterijske hipertenzije. Prosječno trajanje arterijske hipertenzije iznosilo je 6.14 godina. Od ukupnog broja ispitanika, 28% nije uzimalo nikakve antihipertenzivne lijekove. Pronađena je statistički značajna povezanost između stupnja i duljine trajanja arterijske hipertenzije s razvojem hipertrofije lijeve klijetke. Nije pronađena značajna povezanost stupnja niti duljine trajanja arterijske hipertenzije s istisnom frakcijom srca. Naša studija pokazala je snažnu povezanost između stupnja i duljine trajanja arterijske hipertenzije i razvoja hipertrofije lijeve klijetke, a ultrazvuk bi mogao biti korisna metoda u procjeni nekih bolesnika s arterijskom hipertenzijom u hitnoj službi

INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF CRUSHED METHADONE AND LUNG DISEASE

Ovisnost o drogama je čimbenik rizika za nastanak brojnih akutnih i kroničnih komplikacija pluća koje se mogu razviti zbog lošeg općeg zdravlja ovisnika, ali i zbog izravnog djelovanja heroina na depresiju disanja. U ovom prikazu slučaja radi se o 40-godišnjem bolesniku koji je zaprimljen na Objedinjeni hitni prijam KB Sveti Duh zbog povišene temperature praćene zimicom, otežanim disanjem i bolovima u lijevoj strani prsišta. Obradom je utvrđena višestruka plućna patologija kao posljedica intravenske primjene drobljenog metadona, a koja je uključivala submasivnu plućnu emboliju, obostranu upalu pluća, poremećaj plućnog intersticija, multiple infarkte pluća te lijevostrani pleuralni izljev. Nakon početne obrade bolesnik je premješten u Jedinicu intenzivnog liječenja gdje je provedeno liječenje nefrakcioniranim heparinom, intravenskim antibioticima, antifungicima, vitaminom B12 te ostalom simptomatskom terapijom. Nakon provedenog liječenja u bolesnika je došlo do poboljšanja laboratorijskih i radioloških nalaza te subjektivnog stanja. Zbog nespecifi čne simptomatologije, te odsustva karakterističnih kliničkih znakova uz često višestruku plućnu patologiju u bolesnika koji uzimaju drogu postavljanje dijagnoze ponekad je izuzetno teško. Iz tog razloga, u svih ovisnika o drogama važan je visok stupanj sumnje uz organizirani dijagnostičko terapijski pristup kako bi se na vrijeme započelo liječenje potencijalno smrtonosnih plućnih komplikacija.A 40-year-old patient with fever, chills and pain in the left side of the chest presented to the Emergency Room (ER), Sveti Duh University Hospital. He had been on dual antibiotic therapy for the last 12 days. He was an otherwise treated opiate addict, now on methadone therapy. History data and physical examination were without particular features, vital indicators were normal, and soon after antipyretic and analgesic therapy the patient reported improvement and suggested discharge from ER. However, upon arrival of the fi ndings, in particular radiological heart and lung examination, additional diagnostic workup was performed. Radiograph of the heart and lungs revealed diffusely decreased ventilation of pulmonary parenchyma bilaterally (reticular nodose interstitium), pronounced vasculature, and intense shadow along the lateral thoracic wall to the right in the basal parts of the upper lobe. Also, due to the radiological fi ndings described, the subsequently mentioned dyspnea and acknowledgment of intravenous administration of crushed methadone and high d-dimer values, multi-slice computed tomography pulmonary angiography was performed, which indicated embolus in the left main branch of the pulmonary artery and in the lobar branch to the lower lobe, right along with peripheral multiple lung infarctions. At the end of ER treatment, it was concluded that the patient had submassive pulmonary embolism, bilateral pneumonia, changes in pulmonary interstitium, and multiple pulmonary infarctions. As a result, the patient was hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit, treated with unfractionated heparin, intravenous antibiotics, antifungals, vitamin B12 and other symptomatic therapy. After treatment, laboratory and radiological fi ndings and the subjective condition of the patient improved, and he was discharged for home treatment with continued anticoagulation therapy

INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF CRUSHED METHADONE AND LUNG DISEASE

Ovisnost o drogama je čimbenik rizika za nastanak brojnih akutnih i kroničnih komplikacija pluća koje se mogu razviti zbog lošeg općeg zdravlja ovisnika, ali i zbog izravnog djelovanja heroina na depresiju disanja. U ovom prikazu slučaja radi se o 40-godišnjem bolesniku koji je zaprimljen na Objedinjeni hitni prijam KB Sveti Duh zbog povišene temperature praćene zimicom, otežanim disanjem i bolovima u lijevoj strani prsišta. Obradom je utvrđena višestruka plućna patologija kao posljedica intravenske primjene drobljenog metadona, a koja je uključivala submasivnu plućnu emboliju, obostranu upalu pluća, poremećaj plućnog intersticija, multiple infarkte pluća te lijevostrani pleuralni izljev. Nakon početne obrade bolesnik je premješten u Jedinicu intenzivnog liječenja gdje je provedeno liječenje nefrakcioniranim heparinom, intravenskim antibioticima, antifungicima, vitaminom B12 te ostalom simptomatskom terapijom. Nakon provedenog liječenja u bolesnika je došlo do poboljšanja laboratorijskih i radioloških nalaza te subjektivnog stanja. Zbog nespecifi čne simptomatologije, te odsustva karakterističnih kliničkih znakova uz često višestruku plućnu patologiju u bolesnika koji uzimaju drogu postavljanje dijagnoze ponekad je izuzetno teško. Iz tog razloga, u svih ovisnika o drogama važan je visok stupanj sumnje uz organizirani dijagnostičko terapijski pristup kako bi se na vrijeme započelo liječenje potencijalno smrtonosnih plućnih komplikacija.A 40-year-old patient with fever, chills and pain in the left side of the chest presented to the Emergency Room (ER), Sveti Duh University Hospital. He had been on dual antibiotic therapy for the last 12 days. He was an otherwise treated opiate addict, now on methadone therapy. History data and physical examination were without particular features, vital indicators were normal, and soon after antipyretic and analgesic therapy the patient reported improvement and suggested discharge from ER. However, upon arrival of the fi ndings, in particular radiological heart and lung examination, additional diagnostic workup was performed. Radiograph of the heart and lungs revealed diffusely decreased ventilation of pulmonary parenchyma bilaterally (reticular nodose interstitium), pronounced vasculature, and intense shadow along the lateral thoracic wall to the right in the basal parts of the upper lobe. Also, due to the radiological fi ndings described, the subsequently mentioned dyspnea and acknowledgment of intravenous administration of crushed methadone and high d-dimer values, multi-slice computed tomography pulmonary angiography was performed, which indicated embolus in the left main branch of the pulmonary artery and in the lobar branch to the lower lobe, right along with peripheral multiple lung infarctions. At the end of ER treatment, it was concluded that the patient had submassive pulmonary embolism, bilateral pneumonia, changes in pulmonary interstitium, and multiple pulmonary infarctions. As a result, the patient was hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit, treated with unfractionated heparin, intravenous antibiotics, antifungals, vitamin B12 and other symptomatic therapy. After treatment, laboratory and radiological fi ndings and the subjective condition of the patient improved, and he was discharged for home treatment with continued anticoagulation therapy

Blokovi perifernih živaca u bolesnika s prijelomom kuka

Hip fractures represent a major public health issue with increasing incidence as a population ages. The aim of this review is to describe peripheral nerve block techniques (the fascia iliaca compartment block and the pericapsular nerve group block) as pain management for hip fractures in emergency medicine, and to emphasize their benefits. Hip fractures are extremely painful injuries. The pain itself is unpleasant for patients and if left untreated it can lead to multiple complications during preoperative, operative and postoperative patient management. Pain management for elderly hip fracture patients is often challenging. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are not recommended due to their side effects, the increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding, renal function impairment and platelet aggregation inhibition. Paracetamol alone is often insufficient, and opioids have many potentially harmful side effects, such as delirium development. Peripheral nerve blocks for hip fractures are safe and effective, also in emergency medicine settings. The benefits for patients are greater pain relief, especially during movement, less opioid requirements and decreased incidence of delirium. Regional analgesia should be routinely used in hip fracture pain management.Prijelom kuka predstavlja značajan javno zdravstveni problem čija će incidencija rasti sa starenjem populacije. Cilj ovog preglednog članka je opisati blokove perifernih živaca u liječenju boli kod bolesnika s prijelomom kuka, (bloka ilijakalne fascije i bloka perikapsularnih živaca), te naglasiti prednosti njihove primjene. Prijelom kuka je izrazito bolna ozljeda. Bol sama po sebi je neugodna za bolesnika, a ukoliko je neodgovarajuće liječena može dovesti do višestrukih komplikacija tijekom prijeoperacijskog, operacijskog i poslijeoperacijskog zbrinjavanja bolesnika. Unatoč postojanju brojnih analgetika, liječenje boli u starijih bolesnika s prijelomom kuka često je zahtjevno. Nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi se ne preporučuju radi svojih neželjenih učinaka, paracetamol je često nedovoljan, a opioidi također mogu imati brojne neželjene učinke, uključujući razvoj akutnog smetenog stanja. Primjena blokova perifernih živaca je sigurna i učinkovita, također u uvjetima hitne medicine. Koristi za bolesnike su bolje ublažavanje boli, osobito prilikom pomicanja, smanjena potreba za primjenom opioida i smanjena incidencija akutnog smetenog stanja. Primjena blokova perifenih živaca u liječenju boli kod bolesnika s prijelomom kuka trebala bi postati svakodnevnica u kliničkoj praksi

utjecaj toplinskog stresa na energetski metabolizam u krava simentalske pasmine tijekom peripartalnog razdoblja

Heat stress adversely affects the metabolism and production of dairy cows, particularly during the transition period. The aim of this study was to evaluate energy metabolism in heat stressed dairy cows during the periparturient period. Twenty-four Simmental dairy cows were included in the study. The cows were assigned into two groups according to the season: the summer group (n = 12) and autumn group (n = 12). Physiological parameters (rectal temperature, respiratory and heart rate) and serum metabolic parameters (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB) were measured at days -21, -7, 8, 16, 24, 32 and 40 relative to calving. There were no significant differences in glucose concentration between the investigated groups (P0,05). Koncentracija NEFA-e bila je statistički znakovito veća (P<0,05) u ljetnoj skupini 7 dana prije teljenja, dok je 16 i 32 dana nakon teljenja bila znakovito manja (P<0,05) u usporedbi s jesenskom skupinom. U ljetnoj je skupini koncentracija BHB bila manja nakon teljenja u odnosu na jesensko razdoblje, sa statističkom znakovitošću 8., 16. i 24. dan laktacije (P<0,05). Lipidni pokazatelji (ukupni kolesterol i HDL-C) također su bili znakovito manji (P<0,05) u ljetnoj skupini nakon teljenja u usporedbi s jesenskom skupinom. Rezultati pokazuju da su promjene u energetskom metabolizmu mliječnih krava pod utjecajem toplinskog stresa usmjerene na smanjenje oksidacije slobodnih masnih kiselina, kako bi se smanjila proizvodnja metaboličke topline. Ova se metabolička prilagodba pojavljuje većinom nakon teljenja jer su mliječne krave mnogo osjetljivije na toplinski stres u ranoj laktaciji budući da se tijekom proizvodnje mlijeka stvara više metaboličke topline nego u kasnoj gravidnosti tijekom suhostaja

THERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK CAUSED BY RADIATION PROCTITIS

Radijacijski proktitis označava upalu i oštećenje donjih dijelova debelog crijeva koji nastaju nakon izlaganja rendgenskom zračenju ili drugim ionizirajućim zračenjima u sklopu radijacijske terapije zloćudnih tumora zdjelice. Studije pokazuju da se u 50-70 % bolesnika razvija akutno, a u 5-11 % kronično oštećenje gastrointestinalnog sustava. Mehanizam ozljede uključuje izravno oštećenje molekule DNA te stvaranje slobodnih radikala kisika koji oštećuju mukozu, submukozu i mišićni sloj te na kraju seroznu ovojnicu crijeva. U ovom članku prikazujemo bolesnika kod kojeg je 2,5 godine nakon provedenog zračenja zbog karcinoma prostate došlo do razvoja hemoragičnog radijacijskog proktitisa praćenog masivnim krvarenjem i razvojem hemoragičnog šoka. Iako ne postoji standardni protokol liječenja, postoje određene terapijske mogućnosti koje se danas koriste u liječenju hemoragičnog radijacijskog proktitisa, a uključuju primjenu protuupalnih lijekova i antioksidansa, traneksamične kiseline, lokalnu primjenu formalina, kortikosteroida u obliku klizmi, argon plazma koagulaciju, radiofrekventnu ablaciju, hiperbarični kisik te kirurški zahvat. Na temelju prikazanog bolesnika postavlja se pitanje kirurškog liječenja i krajnje potrebe za takvom terapijom.Radiation proctitis indicates infl ammation and damage to lower parts of the colon that occur after exposure to x-ray radiation or other ionizing radiation in the context of radiation therapy of malignant pelvic tumors. Studies show that 50%-70% of patients develop acute and 5%-11% chronic gastrointestinal impairment. The mechanism of injury involves direct damage to the DNA molecule and formation of free radical oxygen that damages mucosa, submucosa and muscle layer, and eventually the serous intestinal lining. In this article, we present a patient in whom hemorrhagic radiation proctitis developed 2.5 years after radiation therapy for prostate carcinoma, which was followed by massive bleeding and hemorrhagic shock. Although there is no standard treatment regimen, there are certain therapeutic options that are currently used in the treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis, and include the use of anti-infl ammatory drugs and antioxidants, tranexamic acid, local use of formalin, slip-shaped corticosteroid, argon plasma coagulation, radiofrequency ablation, hyperbaric oxygen and surgical procedure. On the basis of the present case, the issue of surgical treatment and the extreme need for it are highlighted

Utjecaj intrauterine primjene ozona na plodnost u krava simentalske pasmine.

The objective of the study was to determine whether fertility in cows can be improved by postpartal intrauterine ozone administration. The cows were divided into two groups - treatment (T) and control (C). The treatment group received 20 mL of ozonated foam into the uterus within 6 hours after calving and 24 hours later. Control group received no treatment. The outcome measurements were the number of days open and the number of artificial inseminations until pregnancy. The ozone was found to be effective treatment modality, resulting in a shorter period of days open (75.47 vs. 98.03, P<0.05), and fewer inseminations until pregnancy (1.68 vs. 2.42, P<0.05) in treated cows compared to the control group. Postpartal intrauterine ozone flush, coupled with intracornual insemination represents an effective treatment option that could lead to an improved fertility rate in Simmental cows.Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj intrauterine primjene ozona tijekom prva 24 sata nakon porođaja na plodnost krava. Krave su nasumično bile podijeljene u dvije skupine: kontrolnu i skupinu liječenu ozonom. Kravama liječene skupine u maternicu je bio primijenjen pripravak ozona unutar 6 sati poslije porođaja i 24 sata kasnije. Uspjeh liječenja mjeren je brojem međubremenih dana i brojem osjemenjivanja do bređosti. Rezultati pokazuju da je u krava liječenih ozonom utvrđen manji broj međubremenih dana (75,47 prema 98,03, P<0,05) i manji broj umjetnih osjemenjivanja do bređosti (1,68 prema 2,42, P<0,05) u odnosu na krave kontrolne skupine. Rezultati upućuju na zaključak da primjena pripravka ozona u maternicu netom oteljenih krava simentalske pasmine može biti uspješan način povećanja plodnosti

Determination of Physiological Particularities of the Sexual Cycle and Breeding Season of Pramenka Breed

Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je određivanje fizioloških posebnosti spolnog ciklusa i rasplodne sezone ovaca pasmine lička pramenka. U tu svrhu uzorkovana je krv ovcama i ovnu te rađena orhidometrija ovna u periodu od 10. 6. 2011. do 05. 09. 2012. godine radi utvrđivanja sezonosti. U periodu od 10.–31. listopada 2012. godine uzorkovana je krv ovaca s ciljem određivanja duljine trajanja spolnoga ciklusa s time da je estrus ovaca prethodno sinkroniziran dvokratnom i.m. aplikacijom (u razmaku od 12 dana) sintetičkog analoga prostaglandina F2α (Estrumate®, cloprostenol) u dozi od 75 μg. Koncentracija progesterona i testosterona u serumu je analizirana pomoću automatskog sistema Immulite® One. Analiza LH rađena je pomoću Imunoenzimnog testa (ELISA). Statistička analiza podataka načinjena je pomoću programskog paketa SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) 9.1.3. Na osnovu dobivenih podataka o koncentraciji progesterona zaključili smo da sezona spolne aktivnosti započinje krajem srpnja. Većina ovaca u pokusu ulazi u sezonu krajem kolovoza i tijekom rujna, a nastavlja sa spolnom aktivnošću sve do prosinca. Vrijednosti koncentracije testosterona i orhidometrije u ovna bilježe značajniji porast testosterona tijekom kolovoza i rujna te nagli pad u prosincu, dok opseg skrotuma raste već od lipnja, ali postepeno opada krajem zime i u proljeće. Kao posljedica pojačane hranidbe potpunom krmnom smjesom za ovce, tri mjeseca prije ulaska u sezonu 2012. godine, i poboljšanja kondicije, početak sezone nastupio u prosjeku 19 dana ranije u odnosu na 2011. godinu. Trajanje spolnog ciklusa u ovaca ličke pramenke je u prosjeku iznosilo 17,2 dana. Određeno je prosječno trajanje lutealne faze u ličke pramenke od 13,8 dana, a folikularne 3,4 dana. Prosječno trajanje LH vala iznosilo je 12,4 sati s rasponom od 8 do 16 sati te je za njegovu detekciju dostatno uzorkovanje krvi svakih osam sati.The objective of this study was to determine the physiological characteristics and particularities of the sexual cycle and breeding season of the Pramenka sheep breed - Lika strain. For this purpose, during the period from 10 June 2011 to 05 September 2012, blood was sampled from sheep and one ram and orchidometry performed on the ram to determine reproductive seasonality. In the period from 10-31 October 2012, sheep blood was sampled to determine the duration of sexual cycle, in which oestrus was previously synchronized with i.m. application (in a 12-day interval) of a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α (Estrumate®, cloprostenol) in a dose of 75 mg. Concentrations of progesterone and testosterone were analyzed using the automatic system Immulite® One. Analysis of the LH was performed using ELISA (ELISA). Statistical analysis was conducting using the software package SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) 9.1.3. The results of progesterone concentrations indicated that the sexual activity season begins in late July. Most sheep in the study entered the season in late August and in September, and continued with sexual activity until December. Concentrations of testosterone and ram orchidometry recorded a significant increase during August and September and a sharp decline in December, while the girth of the scrotum increased beginning in June, and gradually declined in late winter and spring. As a consequence of increased feeding with complete feed three months before the start of the season in 2012, the physical condition of sheep was improved and the season started on average 19 days earlier than in 2011. The average duration of oestrus in sheep was 17.2 days. The average length of the luteal phase in the Pramenka breed - Lika strain was 13.8 days, and the follicular phase 3.4 days. The average duration of the LH wave was 12.4 hours, with a range of 8 to 16 hours, and therefore, adequate blood sampling every eight hours is sufficient for its detection

Determination of Physiological Particularities of the Sexual Cycle and Breeding Season of Pramenka Breed

Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je određivanje fizioloških posebnosti spolnog ciklusa i rasplodne sezone ovaca pasmine lička pramenka. U tu svrhu uzorkovana je krv ovcama i ovnu te rađena orhidometrija ovna u periodu od 10. 6. 2011. do 05. 09. 2012. godine radi utvrđivanja sezonosti. U periodu od 10.–31. listopada 2012. godine uzorkovana je krv ovaca s ciljem određivanja duljine trajanja spolnoga ciklusa s time da je estrus ovaca prethodno sinkroniziran dvokratnom i.m. aplikacijom (u razmaku od 12 dana) sintetičkog analoga prostaglandina F2α (Estrumate®, cloprostenol) u dozi od 75 μg. Koncentracija progesterona i testosterona u serumu je analizirana pomoću automatskog sistema Immulite® One. Analiza LH rađena je pomoću Imunoenzimnog testa (ELISA). Statistička analiza podataka načinjena je pomoću programskog paketa SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) 9.1.3. Na osnovu dobivenih podataka o koncentraciji progesterona zaključili smo da sezona spolne aktivnosti započinje krajem srpnja. Većina ovaca u pokusu ulazi u sezonu krajem kolovoza i tijekom rujna, a nastavlja sa spolnom aktivnošću sve do prosinca. Vrijednosti koncentracije testosterona i orhidometrije u ovna bilježe značajniji porast testosterona tijekom kolovoza i rujna te nagli pad u prosincu, dok opseg skrotuma raste već od lipnja, ali postepeno opada krajem zime i u proljeće. Kao posljedica pojačane hranidbe potpunom krmnom smjesom za ovce, tri mjeseca prije ulaska u sezonu 2012. godine, i poboljšanja kondicije, početak sezone nastupio u prosjeku 19 dana ranije u odnosu na 2011. godinu. Trajanje spolnog ciklusa u ovaca ličke pramenke je u prosjeku iznosilo 17,2 dana. Određeno je prosječno trajanje lutealne faze u ličke pramenke od 13,8 dana, a folikularne 3,4 dana. Prosječno trajanje LH vala iznosilo je 12,4 sati s rasponom od 8 do 16 sati te je za njegovu detekciju dostatno uzorkovanje krvi svakih osam sati.The objective of this study was to determine the physiological characteristics and particularities of the sexual cycle and breeding season of the Pramenka sheep breed - Lika strain. For this purpose, during the period from 10 June 2011 to 05 September 2012, blood was sampled from sheep and one ram and orchidometry performed on the ram to determine reproductive seasonality. In the period from 10-31 October 2012, sheep blood was sampled to determine the duration of sexual cycle, in which oestrus was previously synchronized with i.m. application (in a 12-day interval) of a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin F2α (Estrumate®, cloprostenol) in a dose of 75 mg. Concentrations of progesterone and testosterone were analyzed using the automatic system Immulite® One. Analysis of the LH was performed using ELISA (ELISA). Statistical analysis was conducting using the software package SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) 9.1.3. The results of progesterone concentrations indicated that the sexual activity season begins in late July. Most sheep in the study entered the season in late August and in September, and continued with sexual activity until December. Concentrations of testosterone and ram orchidometry recorded a significant increase during August and September and a sharp decline in December, while the girth of the scrotum increased beginning in June, and gradually declined in late winter and spring. As a consequence of increased feeding with complete feed three months before the start of the season in 2012, the physical condition of sheep was improved and the season started on average 19 days earlier than in 2011. The average duration of oestrus in sheep was 17.2 days. The average length of the luteal phase in the Pramenka breed - Lika strain was 13.8 days, and the follicular phase 3.4 days. The average duration of the LH wave was 12.4 hours, with a range of 8 to 16 hours, and therefore, adequate blood sampling every eight hours is sufficient for its detection