STANDARDIZATION OF DRIED FLOWERS OF MORINGAOLEIFERA (LAMK.) AND JASMINUMSAMBAC (L.) AITACCORDING TO WHO GUIDELINES

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate various pharmacognostic standards like macroscopy, microscopy, fluorescence analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography of Moringa oleifera (Lamk.) and Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.Methods: Cellular arrangement of the flower of M. oleifera and J. sambac were examined under electronic microscope. Fine powder of both flowers was used for powder microscopy. The phytochemical screening of the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of flowers of M. oleifera andJ. sambac was performed for carbohydrates, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, lignin and fixed oil. The color intensity or the precipitate formation was used as analytical responses to these tests. The aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of both plants were gone through TLC monitoring by reconstituting each extracts with 5 ml solvent respectively. Results: Under microscopic observation the dried powder of M. oleifera revealed abundant calcium oxalate crystals, small spherical oil globules, starch grains, irregular fragments and tannin content. While powder microscopy of flower of J. sambac showed tannin, oil globules and simple fibers. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of both flowers revealed that the strength of active agents i. e, carbohydrate, tannins, fixed oil, terpenes in variable percentage.Conclusion: The findings could be helpful in identification and authentication of Moringa oleifera andJasminum sambac in future for further research and utilization.Â

PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES OF DALBERGIA SISSO ROXB.

Objective: Present study was aimed to standardize the leaves, pods, and bark of Dalbergia sisso Roxb (Fabaceae) plant which is one of the most important species of Pakistan and used in different ailments.Methods: Powders of dried parts of this plant were used for macroscopic and microscopic, histological, fluorescence, micro chemical, proximate, infra-red spectroscopic examinations and extract were used for preliminary phytochemical examination. These entire tests were performed as per World Health Organization (WHO) standards.Results: In preliminary phytochemical analysis D. sisso carbohydrates, alkaloids, and tannins were detected in the pod while leaves contain carbohydrates alkaloids and flavonoids. The different cellular structure provides the basis of different parts identifications like stomata in leave (A), schlerides in pods (B) and tissues in bark (C) parts of the powdered plant. Proximate analysis showed the high level of moisture content and ash values of A, B and C samples. The fluorescence behavior of powdered material of A, B and C revealed the coloration of these samples under different wavelength. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) established the spectrum include aromatic and aldehyde based functional groups for the all three powdered samples of D. sisso Roxb.Conclusion: This research work was performed for the standardization of the plant D. sisso Roxb. as per WHO recommendations and we established the proper identification profile of the plant and its parts

Tree Turmeric (Dar-e-Hald)., A Berberine Containing Unani Medicinal Herb of Pakistan

Tree turmeric (Dar-e-hald) i.e. Berberis aristata is a fomous Greek-o-Unani herb well grown in Pakistan. Dar-e-hald is known for its anti microbial properties in eyes, ear, gastrointestinal and genitourinary infections. Medicinally, the root and root bark, stem and stem bark, berries, flowers and powdered root and stem with the bark were used. Root and stem with the bark used as a potent source of berberine, the important constituent of the plant. The yellow coloured chemical constituent, berberine, gives the powdered dry root with bark its yellow colour and is an antimicrobial, anti inflammatory agent and anti cancer agent

Anti-acne activity of Casuarina equisetifolia bark extract: A randomized clinical trial

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Casuarina equisetifolia bark extract (5% cream) in comparison with benzoyl peroxide as the standard drug for acne vulgaris. After exclusion, fifty patients were included in the study (n=50) with age group distribution between 17-34 years of age. Patients were distributed into Group 1 (5% cream) and Group 2 (benzoyl peroxide), and were advised to apply the herbal cream twice a day topically. The clinical efficacy of the herbal cream and severity of acne vulgaris was assessed by Cook's acne grading scale. Results revealed that there was no significant difference found in both test and standard control groups. Further, remarkable improvement was found in acne grading in the test group

Genus Allium: The Potential Nutritive and Therapeutic Source

The two Allium species, Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) are the most edible and oldest cultivated plants. These two species have not only beneficial effects against disease also they have nutritive potential. They are very rich sources of several phytonutrients, electrolytes, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins and documented to have a significant identical pharmacological characteristic including hypocholestremic, hypotensive, hypoglycecmic, antithrombotic and anti allergic as well as wide range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidants. This review article will scan the nature with understanding, thinking, realizing and utilization of these two herbs for their therapeutic source in adding together their nutritive potential. In this review we focused on the nutritional attributes along with their curative potential of species of Allium genus (onion and garlic) belonging to the family Alliaceae

Genus Allium: The Potential Nutritive and Therapeutic Source

The two Allium species, Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) are the most edible and oldest cultivated plants. These two species have not only beneficial effects against disease also they have nutritive potential. They are very rich sources of several phytonutrients, electrolytes, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins and documented to have a significant identical pharmacological characteristic including hypocholestremic, hypotensive, hypoglycecmic, antithrombotic and anti allergic as well as wide range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidants. This review article will scan the nature with understanding, thinking, realizing and utilization of these two herbs for their therapeutic source in adding together their nutritive potential. In this review we focused on the nutritional attributes along with their curative potential of species of Allium genus (onion and garlic) belonging to the family Alliaceae

Impact of Logarithmic Transformation on the Restoration of Normality in Bioequivalence Data

The Logarithmic Transformation is widely used to address the skewness and assumes the normality assumption of the bioequivalence data but this may not be true in all cases unless the underlying assumption is taken into account and verified that the randomly generated data is normally distributed in the BE studies. Instead of restoring the normality in the data, the Log-Transformation may introduce new problems like inducing skewness with an increase in variability, which are even more difficult to deal with, then the original problem of non-normal distribution of data. Pharmacokinetic parameters, derived from the real biodata of the bioequivalence study of Glimepiride 4mg tablet was statistically analyzed, with and without, Log-Transformation through ANOVA and the two were compared for normality assumption through the standard testing for normality like Shapiro-Wilk and Q-Q Plots. The comparison of the conclusive results from both approaches, linear and log-transformed data, does not conclude any significant difference. A further investigation is required to strengthen this notion and to identify the circumstances and situations where the deterministic parameters are ascertained to select a suitable model for the data analysis and conclusion. The alternative analytic methods that eliminate the need of transforming non-normal data distributions prior to analysis, like Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney two one-sided test which has been recommended by Hauschke et al., Hodges-Lehmann estimator or the other newer analytic distribution-free methods, that are not dependent on the distribution of data like the generalized estimating equations (GEE) are recommended

Comparative Toxicities of Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis aristata and Achillea millefolium Against Brine Shrimps (Artemia salina) Using Dosage Mortality Curve: A Probit Approach

Abstract: Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium were compared for their toxicities against brine shrimps (Artemia salina). After applying statistical method of probits to the experimental data, H. canadensis was found to be the most toxic with the LC50of 3.236 mg/ml, while, B. aristata showed moderate toxic potential showing that of 60.264 mg/ml and A. millefolium manifested the highest value, that is, 41297.5 mg/ml

Comparative Toxicities of Hydrastis Canadensis L., Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium L. Against Brine Shrimps (Artemia salina) Using Dosage Mortality Curve: A Probit Approach

Hydrastis canadensis, Berberis aristata DC. and Achillea millefolium were compared for their toxicities against brine shrimps (Artemia salina). After applying statistical method of probits to the experimental data, H. canadensis was found to be the most toxic with the LC50 of 3.236 mg/ml, while, B. aristata showed moderate toxic potential showing that of 60.264 mg/ml and A. millefolium manifested the highest value, that is, 41297.5 mg/ml

Comprehensive Standardization And Assessment of Behavioural Core In Rodants Of Ethanolic Extract Of Floral Part of Delonix regia (bojer ex hook.) Raf. Of Pakistan

Mdash nbspDelonix regia is branched, broad, spreading, flat- crowned deciduous tree and it is well known for its brilliant display of red- orange bloom in the form of bunch. The extract of different parts of plant has been used in the treatment of malaria, bacterial infections and constipation. The present investigation was conducted to standardize the drug for quality assessment and in addition to evaluate its behavioural core in rodent. In standardization of plant material the pharmacognostic techniques (Macroscopic, microscopic, histological characteristics, Physico chemical parameters, ash values along with extractive values) was carried out. Macroscopic studies indicated the presence of five thick crimson sepals curve back to display their lime- green lining and five spoons shaped petals, one of them is larger having streaked centre.nbsp Microscopically, the transverse section of Delonix regia flower showed the presence of single layer of barrel shaped cells with stomata. Cells containing colouring pigments were also present. Powdered flowers material revealed the presence of Oil cells, Fibres, Fragments of vascular tissues, ca-oxalate crystals, starch granules, cork tissues epidermal and stone cells. Physico chemical parameters including total ash value which was 6.51% w/w,nbsp acid insoluble ash was not more than 8.4% w/w, water soluble ash is equivalent to 7.44% w/w and sulphated ash is 16.76 % w/w. Alcohol soluble extractive value was more than water soluble extractive value. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, proteins, tannins, carbohydrates, phenol and triterpenes. Infrared spectroscopic analysis revealed the presence of O-H, C-H, N-H, C=O, C-N and C-O. In case of behavioural study, rotarod showed considerablenbsp lack in motor coordination at 100 mg / kg on 30 and 60th mins of duration which was 44% and 32.2% respectively while in case of grip strength all tested doses were found ineffective in related to muscle relaxant propert