Dynamic Effects of Agriculture Trade in the Context of Domestic and Global Liberalisation : A CGE Analysis for Pakistan

This paper studies dynamic effects of agriculture trade in the context of domestic and global liberalisation. Being the largest sector of the economy, the agriculture sector contributes substantially to the growth process. Using a small CGE model for Pakistan and a 2002 Pakistan Social Accounting Matrix as data base, the simulations are conducted to measure the effects of domestic agriculture trade liberalisation in isolation and in conjunction with changes in the world economy. The novelty of this paper is that it introduces dynamics in the Pakistani CGE model through capital accumulation. The results illuminate the greater effectiveness of agriculture trade liberalisation in promoting the overall growth process, given increased market access because of liberalisation in the world economy.international trade, Growth, Dynamic CGE

Behaviour of Charged Collapsing Fluids after Hydrostatic Equilibrium in R^n Gravity

The purpose of this paper is to study the transport equation and its coupling with Maxwell equation in the framework of R^n gravity. Using Muller-Israel-Stewart theory for the conduction of dissipative fluids, we analyze the temperature, heat flux, viscosity and thermal conductivity in the scenario of relaxation time. All these thermodynamical variables are appeared in the form of a single factor whose influence is discussed on the evolution of relativistic model for the heat conducting collapsing star.Comment: Accepted for publication in European Physical Journal

Human Capital vs. Physical Capital : A Cross-Country Analysis of Human Development Strategies

This study estimates a small simultaneous equation model using panel data from sixty-four countries for the years 1996 and 2004. The model is estimated by various techniquesOLS, TSLS, dummy variable approach introducing variation at the regional level, and fixed and random effect approaches introducing variation at the individual country level. The objective is to identify the importance of basic needs in human development strategies in Asia, Africa, and the rest of the world (ROW). The results show that income per capita has priority over basic needs expenditure in development strategies of all regions despite being quantitatively different. However, the importance of basic needs expenditure cannot be denied in terms of capabilities development (improvement in health) that ultimately increases productivity.Human Capital, Physical Capital, Income Per Capita, Basic Needs Expenditures, Human Development

Current intrapartum care practices in India

According to the annual report of the Government of India, 100,000 women annually continue to die because of childbirth related complications (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (Government of India), 2000-2001). In India, over 90% of women become mothers and a majority of them deliver without skilled assistance during delivery. This translates to approximately 30 million women in India experiencing pregnancy every year, and 27 million having live births (Bakshi, 2006). Of these, 136,000 maternal deaths occur every year due to childbirth complications, most of which can be prevented. Literature reveals that lack of appropriate care during pregnancy and childbirth, and especially the inadequacy of services for detecting and managing complications, explains most of the maternal deaths. Less attention has been paid to the quality of care within hospital based-services and there is growing evidence that women receive and experience appalling care in some institutions. The purpose of this study was to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the intrapartum care practices as reported by the respondents? Focusing on episiotomy, labor induction, childbirth support, labor pain management, fundal pressure, birthing position, and communication of information and instructions to women during intrapartum phase. (2) How do these reported intrapartum care practices compare with the WHO practice guidelines? (3) What are the differences in the listed intrapartum care practices between doctors and nurse-midwives? (4) What are the differences in the intraparturn care practices between government and non-government hospitals? (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Dynamic Effects of Agriculture Trade in the Context of Domestic and Global Liberalisation: A CGE Analysis for Pakistan

This paper studies dynamic effects of agriculture trade in the context of domestic and global liberalisation. Being the largest sector of the economy, the agriculture sector contributes substantially to the growth process. Using a small CGE model for Pakistan and a 2002 Pakistan Social Accounting Matrix as data base, the simulations are conducted to measure the effects of domestic agriculture trade liberalisation in isolation and in conjunction with changes in the world economy. The novelty of this paper is that it introduces dynamics in the Pakistani CGE model through capital accumulation. The results illuminate the greater effectiveness of agriculture trade liberalisation in promoting the overall growth process, given increased market access because of liberalisation in the world economy.International Trade, Growth, Dynamic CGE

Human Capital vs Physical Capital: A cross country analysis of human development strategies

This study estimates a small simultaneous equation model using panel data from sixty-four countries for the years, 1996 and 2004. The model is estimated by various techniques - OLS, TSLS, dummy variable approach introducing variation at the regional level and fixed and random effect approaches introducing variation at the individual country level. The objective is to identify the importance of basic needs in human development strategies in Asia, Africa and rest of the world (ROW). The results show that income per capita has priority over basic need expenditure in development strategies of all regions despite quantitatively different. However, the importance of basic need expenditure cannot be denied in terms of capabilities development (improvement in health) that ultimately increases productivity.Human capital, Physical capital, Income per capita, Basic needs Expenditures, Human Development

Modelling gender dimensions of the impact of economic reforms on time allocation among market, household, and leisure activities in Pakistan

Developing countries are increasingly concerned about gender dimensions of the impacts of economic reforms initiated under structural adjustment and stabilization programmes. This article develops a gendered Computable General Equilibrium model based on the notions of production in paid economy and unpaid care economy pioneered by Fontana and Wood and applies it to Pakistan. The study assesses the impact of two types of shocks: trade liberalisation and fiscal adjustment. Results support the contention that trade liberalisation in the presence of compensatory measure over burden women but reduces income-based poverty by all measures. In all other exercises employment in market sectors reduces. The study concludes that despite changes in structure of market employment, gender division of labour remains unequal within household economy.CGE; Gender; International Trade; Labour market

Income, Public Social Services, and Capability Development: A Cross-district Analysis of Pakistan

Is household income enough for human development or should government direct resources towards the provision of social services to improve capabilities of individuals? The former is emphasised by the World Bank, and the latter by the United Nation Development Programme (UNDP). This paper tests both sides of the question by estimating a basic needs policy model for Pakistan, using cross-district data for the year 1998-99. The results are consistent with the view that government provision of social services affects human capabilities significantly. However, the ultimate constraints on the sustainable capability development are the availability of material resources.Basic Needs, Capabilities and Income Poverty, Public Provision of Social Services and Household Income