6 research outputs found

    Density, refractive index, and derived properties of binary mixtures of water聽+聽ionic liquid 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate

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    The density and refractive index were experimentally determined for binary mixtures of water + ionic liquid 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate throughout the ionic liquid mass frac- tion range, at atmospheric pressure and various temperatures between 293.15 K and 323.15 K. The refractive index was measured at five wavelengths between 589.2 nm and 935 nm. From the experimen- tal data on density, volumetric properties such as the excess molar volume and thermal expansion coef- ficient were calculated. The excess molar volume was negative throughout the ionic liquid mass fraction range and its magnitude decreased with temperature. From the experimental data on the refractive index, the deviation in the refractive index and its coefficients of concentration, temperature and chro- matic dispersion were obtained. The values of the deviation in the refractive index were positive and decreased with temperature. In order to simultaneously investigate the dependence of the refractive index on concentration, temperature and wavelength, we correlated the experimental data with a two-term Cauchy equation. Furthermore, a comparative study of 11 refractive index mixing rules was performed to assess their prediction ability. More advanced mixing rules do not lead to any improvement in comparison with the simple linear mixing rule (Arago-Biot) for estimating refractive index and the concentration contrast factor of the mixture studied. The results are expected to be useful for tuning the properties of an ionic liquid by adding water or selecting the temperature or optical region.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Theoretical and experimental study of the absorption process of ammonia in ionic liquids for absorption refrigeration systems

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    Recentment, s'han proposat l铆quids i貌nics com a absorbents alternatius i ajustables per a refrigerants naturals en sistemes de refrigeraci贸 per absorci贸. Tanmateix, l鈥檃lta viscositat, la baixa difusivitat de la massa i la manca d鈥檌nformaci贸 fiable sobre les propietats termof铆siques de les seves mescles amb aquests refrigerants s贸n limitacions importants per a la seva implementaci贸 efectiva. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi 茅s estudiar el proc茅s d'absorci贸 d'amon铆ac en l铆quids i貌nics per determinar l'evoluci贸 temporal de la taxa d'absorci贸 i els perfils de concentraci贸 en el fluid absorbent. Aquest tipus de dades experimentals s贸n 煤tils per seleccionar l铆quids i貌nics adequats com a absorbents d'amon铆ac en sistemes de refrigeraci贸 i bombes de calor d'absorci贸 nous. Els l铆quids i貌nics estudiats s贸n: nitrat d鈥檈tilamoni (EAN); 1-etil-3-metilimidazoli-tetrafluoroborat ([emim] [BF4]); i 1- butil-3-metil-imidazoli-tetrafluoroborat ([bmim] [BF4]), amb diferents solubilitats i viscositats d'amon铆ac. El m猫tode de caiguda de pressi贸 es va implementar per determinar l'evoluci贸 temporal de la taxa d'absorci贸 de l'amon铆ac en les IL seleccionades, al llarg del proc茅s d'absorci贸. Els experiments d鈥檃bsorci贸 es van realitzar a una diluci贸 infinita d鈥檃mon铆ac, a la temperatura de 293,15 K i 303,15 K, durant m茅s de 15 hores. La taxa d'absorci贸 determinada d'amon铆ac a les IL va ser m茅s de 20 vegades menor que a l'aigua.Recientemente, se han propuesto l铆quidos i贸nicos como absorbentes ajustables alternativos para refrigerantes naturales en sistemas de refrigeraci贸n por absorci贸n. Sin embargo, la alta viscosidad, la baja difusividad de masa y la falta de informaci贸n confiable sobre las propiedades termof铆sicas de sus mezclas con estos refrigerantes son limitaciones importantes para su implementaci贸n efectiva. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es estudiar el proceso de absorci贸n del amoniaco en l铆quidos i贸nicos para determinar la evoluci贸n temporal de la tasa de absorci贸n y los perfiles de concentraci贸n en el fluido absorbente. Estos tipos de datos experimentales son 煤tiles para seleccionar l铆quidos i贸nicos adecuados como absorbentes de amon铆aco en nuevos sistemas de refrigeraci贸n por absorci贸n y bombas de calor. Los l铆quidos i贸nicos estudiados son: nitrato de etilamonio (EAN); Tetrafluoroborato de 1-etil-3-metilimidazolio ([emim] [BF4]); y tetrafluoroborato de 1-butil-3-metil-imidazolio ([bmim] [BF4]), con diferentes solubilidades y viscosidades del amoniaco. Se implement贸 el M茅todo de Ca铆da de Presi贸n para determinar el tiempo de evoluci贸n de la tasa de absorci贸n de amon铆aco en los IL seleccionados, a lo largo del proceso de absorci贸n. Los experimentos de absorci贸n se realizaron a diluci贸n infinita de amoniaco, a las temperaturas de 293,15 K y 303,15 K, durante m谩s de 15 horas.Recently, ionic liquids have been proposed as alternative, adjustable absorbents for natural refrigerants in absorption refrigeration systems. However, the high viscosity, low mass diffusivity, and the lack of reliable information on the thermophysical properties of their mixtures with these refrigerants are important limitations for their effective implementation. The main objective of this thesis is to study the absorption process of ammonia in ionic liquids to determine the time evolution of the absorption rate and the concentration profiles in the absorbent fluid. These types of experimental data are useful for selecting ionic liquids suitable as absorbent of ammonia in new absorption refrigeration and heat pump systems. The ionic liquids studied are: ethylammonium nitrate (EAN); 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-tetrafluoroborate ([emim] [BF4]); and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]), with different ammonia solubilities and viscosities. The Pressure Drop Method was implemented to determine the time evolution of the absorption rate of ammonia in the ILs selected, throughout the absorption process. Absorption experiments were performed at infinite dilution of ammonia, at the temperatures of 293.15 K and 303.15 K, during more 15 hours

    Viscosity and mass diffusion coefficient of ammonia/ethylammonium nitrate mixtures

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    Ethylammonium nitrate shows an enhanced ammonia solubility due to the formation of strong hydrogen bonds. This protic ionic liquid also shows negligible vapour pressure and shares many properties with water. These attractive features make it interesting to study the mixtures of ethylammonium nitrate with ammonia for absorption refrigeration systems. This paper reports new experimental data for viscosity and mass diffusion coefficient in ammonia/ethylammonium nitrate mixtures. Measurements were performed using a piston-type viscometer for viscosity, and Optical Digital Interferometry for diffusion coefficients. Viscosity measurements were performed at temperatures between 293.15 K and 353.15 K, over a wide concentration range. Diffusion measurements of ammonia in the ionic liquid were performed at 293.15 K and 303.15 K. Viscosity data and the mass diffusion process were described using a semi-empirical correlation and a non-equilibrium model, respectively. The models show an acceptable deviation from experimental data.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    M茅todo experimental para la determinaci贸n del coeficiente de difusi贸n mediante interferometr铆a digital 贸ptica

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    El presente trabajo describe un m茅todo experimental para la determinaci贸n del coeficiente de difusi贸n de refrigerantes naturales, como el amoniaco en l铆quidos absorbentes, como el agua, por medio de un interfer贸metro Mach-Zehnder. Los patrones de franjas formados por las interferencias entre dos haces, uno que atraviesa una muestra y otro una referencia, se visualizan con una c谩mara digital de alta resoluci贸n. El procedimiento utilizado para determinar la diferencia de fase entre los haces del interfer贸metro se basa en la transformada de Fourier y se llev贸 a cabo mediante el desarrollo de un c贸digo en MATLAB庐. Esta diferencia de fase determina el cambio en el 铆ndice de refracci贸n de la mezcla amoniaco/agua, a partir del cual se pueden determinar variables relacionadas como la temperatura o la concentraci贸n en todo el campo de visi贸n. Dicha informaci贸n no solo est谩 disponible en estado estacionario, sino que permite monitorear la evoluci贸n del campo de concentraci贸n en el tiempo. Finalmente, el coeficiente de difusi贸n se determina realizando un an谩lisis inverso del perfil de concentraci贸n experimental.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

    Development of optical digital interferometry for visualizing and modelling the mass diffusion of ammonia in water in an absorption process

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    This study reports the development and implementation of Optical Digital Interferometry for visualizing and modelling mass diffusion in the absorption process of ammonia in water. Absorption experiments were performed at infinite dilution of ammonia and at 293 K, 303 K, and 313 K. The method developed makes it possible to visualize the development of the mass diffusion layer and determine the evolution of concentration profiles in the ammonia/water mixture, providing new spatio-temporal data on the absorption process. A non-equilibrium model based on Fick鈥檚 Second Law was used to describe the mass diffusion process. It was found that the model can successfully reproduce the experimental profiles of the ammonia concentration. The method developed also allows the simultaneous determination of mass diffusivity and mass transfer coefficients from a single experimental test. The values obtained for the mass diffusivity of ammonia in water vary from 1.54 脳 10-9 m2 s-1 at 293.1 K to 2.50 脳 10-9 m2 s-1 at 313.1 K. The relative deviations between the experimental mass diffusivity and literature values did not exceed 6.0%. The mass transfer coefficient ranges from 2.12 脳 10-5 m s-1 at 293.1 K to 4.19 脳 10-5 m s-1 at 313.1 K. The results show the potential of Optical Digital Interferometry for the development and validation of heat and mass transfer models used to design components in absorption refrigeration systems.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

    Factors Affecting the Stability of Crude and TransmissionOil Emulsion Swith Surfactant Solutions

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    Entre las tecnolog铆as utilizadas para el transporte de petr贸leo crudo por sistemas de tuber铆as, se encuentran las emulsiones del mismo con soluciones de tensoactivos. La aplicaci贸n de esta t茅cnica requiere que lasemulsiones se mantengan estables durante el per铆odo de bombeo y se separen completamente despu茅sde transportado el crudo. En el presente trabajo se realizaron ensayos experimentales, utilizando diferentesconcentraciones de tensoactivo, tipos de mezclado y condiciones de decantaci贸n. Fueron empleadas dossustancias como fase continua: aceite de transmisi贸n y petr贸leo crudo cubano. Se observ贸 la marcadainfl uencia de la concentraci贸n y el tipo de mezclado en la estabilidad de las emulsiones. Los resultadosdemuestran las semejanzas en cuanto a par谩metros termohidr谩ulicos de los fl uidos objeto de estudio; lo quepermite inferir el comportamiento aproximado del petr贸leo crudo cubano emulsionado a partir del trabajoexperimental con aceite de trasmisi贸n.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
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