Policy Formulation Versus Policy Implementation Under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act: Insight from the North Pacific Crab Rationalization

The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) governs management of fisheries located three to 200 miles off the coast of the United States. The MSA is unique in administrative law in that it devolves policy formulation to eight Regional Fishery Management Councils rather than to a federal agency. That agency, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), is relegated primarily to developing regulations that implement the councils’ policies. NMFS can review the councils’ policies only to ensure that they are consistent with existing laws. NMFS has no authority to revise policy to suit its own preferences, or to write regulations that undercut council policy intent, except when conflicts with other applicable laws arise. The MSA’s legislative history reveals NMFS routinely undercuts this special administrative process through the regulations it writes. We review a recent example in which NMFS attempted to undermine the North Pacific Fishery Management Council’s crab rationalization policy through the regulation-writing process. We offer a simple solution to help avoid future abuse of administrative authority. This solution may have utility in other areas of administrative law in which authority to formulate policy is separated from the power to implement it

The sequential two photon dissociation of NO as a source of aligned N(D-2), N(S-4) and O(P-3) atoms

Velocity map imaging is used to characterise the angular distributions of atoms which are formed from the sequential two photon excitation of NO via the A2Σ+ state. Molecules excited at 226 nm and dissociated at 339 nm from the same laser source yield two sets of products, ground state O(3P) atoms in conjunction with N(2D) and N(4S). The angular distributions are found to be well described by β parameters. The use of this method as a source of monoenergetic aligned atoms for studies of reaction dynamics is discussed

The Reaction Microscope: Imaging and Pulse Shaping Control in Photodynamics

Abstract: Herein, we review the current capabilities and potential of advanced single-particle imaging techniques to study photodynamics in isolated molecules. These reaction microscopes are able to measure the full three-dimensional energy and angular distribution of (correlated) particles such as electrons and molecular fragments ejected after photoexcitation of molecules. In particular, we discuss the performance and capabilities of a novel photoelectron-photoion coincidence imaging spectrometer constructed at LaserLaB Amsterdam. This microscope was developed for the study of nonadiabatic effects in ultrafast time-resolved experiments. It is specifically targeted at optimal control studies of photodynamics to foster and advance our understanding of mechanisms in optimal control with shaped ultrafast laser pulses. We review a few recent experimental results illustrating the wealth of detailed information that can be obtained in such imaging experiments about the interplay between (shaped) laser fields, molecular dynamics, ionization processes and competing multichannel pathways. Furthermore, the recently developed photoelectron-circular-dichroism imaging technique to detect enantiomers and to study chirality effects will be discussed, as a further illustration of the potential of modern reaction microscopes in stereochemistry