Protective effect of 12 µg plant extracts from Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂ induced <i>E. coli</i> plasmid damage.

<p><i>Ctr: control.</i></p

Plant extracts modulate γδ T cell cytokine production and proliferation.

<p>Purified-<i>γδ</i> T cells were incubated with IPP and IL-2 in the presence of different concentrations of plant extracts induced TNF-α production (A) and on γδ T cell proliferation (B) were assessed by Flow Cytometry. Values of <i>p</i><0.05 were considered statistically significant. <i>CTR: Control; TNF-a: Tumor necrosis Factor-alpha; IPP: isopentenyl pyrophosphate.</i></p

Plant extracts modulate LPS –induced TNF-α production by imDC.

<p>imDC were generated from monocytes positively separated from PMBC by anti-CD14 magnetic beads and cultured for 5 days in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4. Different concentrations of plant extracts were added to imDC in the presence of LPS and TNF-α production was assessed by Flow Cytometry. Values of <i>p</i><0.05 were considered statistically significant. <i>CTR: Control; imDC: immature Dendritic Cells; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.</i></p

Distributions of: a) comet tail moment (TM); b) tail length (TL); c) tail intensity (TI) in white blood cells from healthy human donors treated with hydrogen peroxide and 100 µg of plant extracts.

<p>Data (at least 150 scores/sample) are mean values +/− SEM. <i>p</i><0.05 is considered significant.</p

Reduced amount of malonil dialdeide (MDA) by lipid peroxydation in presence of a lucegenin probe and the xanthine/xanthine oxydase system with 150 µg of different plant extracts.

<p><i>Ctr: Control, ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *P<0.05.</i></p

Evaluation of the chemiluminescence (CL) signal inhibition in presence of different concentrations of plant extracts versus: A) Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) B) Anion superoxide (O₂) generated by Xanthine – Xanthine oxidase system.

<p>Evaluation of the chemiluminescence (CL) signal inhibition in presence of different concentrations of plant extracts versus: A) Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) B) Anion superoxide (O₂) generated by Xanthine – Xanthine oxidase system.</p

Vγ9Vδ2 T cells fail to induce CD86 and HLA-DR up-regulation on HIV-infected MoDC.

<p>MoDC were infected with HIV_BAL and cultured with purified γδT cells for 5 days. Then, MoDC phenotype were evaluated by flow cytometry. (A) Representative histogram plots of one out of seven independent experiments showing CD86 expression on MoDC in the indicated conditions. (B) Induction of CD86 expression on MoDC by activated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells (fold of increase: IPP stimulated/not stimulated). (C) Representative histogram plots of one out of four independent experiments showing HLA-DR expression on MoDC in the indicated conditions. (D) HLA-DR expression on MoDC (mfi) in the indicated conditions. Results are shown as Box and Whiskers: the box encompasses the interquartile range of individual measurements, the horizontal bar-dividing line indicates the median value, and the whiskers represents maximum and minimum values.</p

Vγ9Vδ2 T cells do not inhibit HIV replication in MoDC.

<p>MoDC were infected with HIV_BAL and cultured with purified γδT cells stimulated or not stimulated with IPP. Before culture with γδT cells (DC+HIV T0), and after 5 days HIV p24 protein was tested in the supernatants by ELISA. Results from seven independent experiments are shown as Box and Whiskers: the box encompasses the interquartile range of individual measurements, the horizontal bar-dividing line indicates the median value, and the whiskers represents maximum and minimum values.</p

Effects of HIV-infected MoDC on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells proliferation.

<p>MoDC were infected with HIV_BAL and cultured with CFDA-SE labeled Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. After 5 days, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells proliferation and activation was evaluated by flow cytometry. (A) Representative histogram plots of one out of seven independent experiments showing Vγ9Vδ2 T cells proliferation. (B) CD69 expression on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the indicated conditions. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells labeled with CFDA-SE were stimulated with IPP in the presence of MoDC infected or not with HIV_BAL. After 5 days, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells proliferation was evaluated by flow cytometry. (C) Representative histogram plots of one out of seven independent experiments showing Vγ9Vδ2 T cells proliferation. (D) Percentage of proliferating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells upon IPP stimulation in the indicated conditions. (E) CD69 expression (mean fluorescence intensity, mfi) on IPP stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells cultured with HIV infected or uninfected MoDC. Results are shown as Box and Whiskers: the box encompasses the interquartile range of individual measurements, the horizontal bar-dividing line indicates the median value, and the whiskers represents maximum and minimum values.</p

HIV-infected MoDC inhibit Vγ9Vδ2 T cells cytokines production.

<p>Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were stimulated with IPP in the presence of MoDC infected with HIV_BAL. After 5 days, cytokines released in the supernatants were evaluated by a multiplex immunoassay. (A) IFN-γ, (B) TNF-α, and (C) MIP1-β production, in seven independent experiments, are shown as Box and Whiskers: the box encompasses the interquartile range of individual measurements, the horizontal bar-dividing line indicates the median value, and the whiskers represents maximum and minimum values.</p