Political network structures as a special form of management

В статье исследуются основные подходы к анализу политических сетевых структур и возможность использования сетевых структур в современном управлении.This article examines the main approaches to the analysis of political networking and the use of network structures in modern management

More on crinkles in the last scattering surface

Inhomogeneous recombination can give rise to perturbations in the electron number density which can be a factor of five larger than the perturbations in baryon density. We do a thorough analysis of the second order anisotropies generated in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) due to perturbations in the electron number density. We show that solving the second order Boltzmann equation for photons is equivalent to solving the first + second order Boltzmann equations and then taking the second order part of the solution. We find the approximate solution to the photon Boltzmann hierarchy in l modes and show that the contributions from inhomogeneous recombination to the second order monopole, dipole and quadrupole are numerically small. We also point out that perturbing the electron number density in the first order tight coupling and damping solutions for the monopole, dipole and quadrupole is not equivalent to solving the second order Boltzmann equations for inhomogeneous recombination. Finally we confirm our result in a previous paper that inhomogeneous recombination gives rise to a local type non-Gaussianity parameter f_{NL}~ -1. The signal to noise for the detection of the temperature bispectrum generated by inhomogeneous recombination is ~ 1 for an ideal full sky experiment measuring modes up to l_{max}=2500.Comment: Published versio

A low energy theory for superfluid and solid matter and its application to the neutron star crust

We formulate a low energy effective theory describing phases of matter that are both solid and superfluid. These systems simultaneously break translational symmetry and the phase symmetry associated with particle number. The symmetries restrict the combinations of terms that can appear in the effective action and the lowest order terms featuring equal number of derivatives and Goldstone fields are completely specified by the thermodynamic free energy, or equivalently by the long-wavelength limit of static correlation functions in the ground state. We show that the underlying interaction between particles that constitute the lattice and the superfluid gives rise to entrainment, and mixing between the Goldstone modes. As a concrete example we discuss the low energy theory for the inner crust of a neutron star, where a lattice of ionized nuclei coexists with a neutron superfluid.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figur

The rigidity of crystalline color superconducting quark matter

We calculate the shear modulus of crystalline color superconducting quark matter, showing that this phase of dense, but not asymptotically dense, three-flavor quark matter responds to shear stress like a very rigid solid. To evaluate the shear modulus, we derive the low energy effective Lagrangian that describes the phonons that originate from the spontaneous breaking of translation invariance by the spatial modulation of the gap parameter $\Delta$. These massless bosons describe space- and time-dependent fluctuations of the crystal structure and are analogous to the phonons in ordinary crystals. The coefficients of the spatial derivative terms of the phonon effective Lagrangian are related to the elastic moduli of the crystal; the coefficients that encode the linear response of the crystal to a shearing stress define the shear modulus. We analyze the two particular crystal structures which are energetically favored over a wide range of densities, in each case evaluating the phonon effective action and the shear modulus up to order $\Delta^2$ in a Ginzburg-Landau expansion, finding shear moduli which are 20 to 1000 times larger than those of neutron star crusts. The crystalline color superconducting phase has long been known to be a superfluid -- by picking a phase its order parameter breaks the quark-number $U(1)_B$ symmetry spontaneously. Our results demonstrate that this superfluid phase of matter is at the same time a rigid solid. We close with a rough estimate of the pinning force on the rotational vortices which would be formed embedded within this rigid superfluid upon rotation. Our results raise the possibility that (some) pulsar glitches could originate within a quark matter core deep within a neutron star.Comment: 38 pages, 5 figures. v3. Two new paragraphs in Section V (Conclusion); some additional small changes. A paragraph discussing supercurrents added in Section I (Introduction). Version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Isolated cerebellar metastasis from urothelial carcinoma:A case report of a rare phenomenon

Introduction: Although urothelial carcinoma (UC) generally is non-invasive, contrastingly in 25% of patients UC metastasizes. Isolated central nervous system (CNS) metastasis from UC without other distant metastases are considered rare. In this report we describe a patient with an isolated and solitary cerebellar metastasis from UC. Research question: In this case report we explore the value of histological analysis of CNS metastases, imaging, treatment options and survival. Material and methods: A rare case is presented of a patient diagnosed with an isolated CNS metastasis originating from UC. Through a systematic review of literature route of dissemination, current imaging and treatment options, and survival are discussed.Results: A 77-year-old male was diagnosed with a pT2N0M0 high-grade UC and treated with transurethral resection and chemoradiation therapy. Several months later, the patient presented with neurological symptoms, and radiological imaging revealed a solitary cerebellar mass. A body CT scan showed no other metastasis. After surgical resection, histology confirmed urothelial origin of the mass, matching his primary UC and the patient received post-operative stereotactic radiotherapy at the surgical site. Recurrence of the cerebellar mass occurred after 6 months for which the patient received re-resection. The patient died 5.5 months after re-resection. Discussion and conclusion: Isolated brain metastases without other distant metastases from UC are rare, so histologic confirmation of the brain metastasis is essential, particularly when the time interval between diagnosis of the UC and brain metastasis increases. Early brain CT is not recommended. PET CT may have additional value in detection of other distant metastases from UC. Despite advancements in treatments, prognosis for CNS metastasis from UC remains poor

Effect of intra row spacings on estimates of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients in cotton (Gossypium arboreum)

A field experiment was conducted on six Gossypium arboreum genotypes for two successive cropping seasons from 2011-2012 to 2012-2013 at Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional Station, Sirsa, Haryana, India. The objective of the study was to evaluate the response and effect on estimates of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients in G. arboreum cotton to variable intra row spacings of 67.5×10 cm, 67.5×20 cm and 67.5×30 cm having different plant densities. Correlations as well as direct effects of seed cotton yield with plant height were positive and high for averages of the two years in all the intra row spacings. In normal spacing of 67.5×30 cm significant and positive association of seed cotton yield were obtained for all the traits except boll weight. The results under three experiments of the spacing indicated that expression of association both at genotypic, phenotypic levels and direct effects were common for the traits plant height and boll weight in the three spacings. It is therefore concluded that while selecting for higher yields in any breeding programme irrespective of spacing emphasis should be placed on the higher plant height and higher bolls/plant. The values for direct effects in general were higher in normal spacing in comparison to other two closer spacings for all the traits, which let to conclude that in normal spacing improvement in yield in general can be made directly through improvement in the characters under this study

A problem encapsulated – role of CT

Sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis (SEP) is a rare but serious complication of abdominal surgery, recurrent peritonitis, and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with a high morbidity and mortality. The etiology of this condition is largely unknown. Diagnosis is usually established at laparotomy in patients with recurrent attacks of non-strangulating, small bowel obstruction. We report a case of a patient who presented with intestinal obstruction and who showed typical CT findings of SEP which was diagnosed pre-operatively on a CT scan and confirmed at surgery. The interest of this case lies in its rarity and difficult pre-operative diagnosis

Osmotic controlled drug delivery system (OSMO technology) and its impact on diabetes care

Recently, focus on the development of controlled release drug delivery system has increased, as existing drugs exhibit certain pharmacokinetic limitations. The major goal of designing sustained release formulations is to improve the drug performance by prolonged duration of drug action, decreased frequency of dosing and reduced side effects by using smallest quantity of drug administered by the most suitable route. Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system (OSMO technology) is the most promising strategy based system for sustained delivery of drug. Drug can be delivered in a controlled manner over a long period of time by the process of osmosis. Osmotic drug delivery system appears to be a promising solution for the limitations of conventional extended release formulations by virtue of their distinguished technological features. The present review describes briefly about various controlled drug delivery systems with special focus on advantages of osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system related to diabetes therapy and improved compliance