Liikunnan merkitykset urheiluseura-aktiivisuuden mukaan LIITU-tutkimukseen osallistuneilla nuorilla

Rinta-Antila, K. 2018. Liikunnan merkitykset urheiluseura-aktiivisuuden mukaan LIITU-tutkimukseen osallistuneilla nuorilla. Liikuntatieteellinen tiedekunta, Jyväskylän yliopisto, Terveyskasvatuksen pro gradu -tutkielma, 62 s. Urheiluseurat ovat merkittäviä liikunnan tarjoajia. Silti monet nuoret eivät harrasta liikuntaa urheiluseurassa ja harrastaminen vähenee nuorten varttuessa. On tutkittu, että urheiluseuroissa painottuva kilpaileminen ei kuulu nuorten tärkeisiin liikunnan merkityksiin. Tiedetään myös, että liikunnallisesti aktiiviset henkilöt nimeävät enemmän tärkeitä liikunnan merkityksiä kuin vähemmän liikkuvat, mutta aiemmin on vähän tutkittu nuorten urheiluseura-aktiivisuuden yhteyttä liikunnan merkityksiin. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin tärkeitä liikunnan merkityksiä urheiluseura-aktiivisuuden mukaan liikuntasuhteen viitekehyksessä. Tutkimus perustui Lasten ja nuorten liikuntakäyttäytyminen Suomessa (LIITU) –tutkimuksen (2014) kyselyaineiston osaan, jossa nuorilta (5., 7., 9. lk) kysyttiin urheiluseurassa liikunnan tai urheilun harrastamisesta (säännöllinen ja aktiivinen; silloin tällöin; lopettanut; ei koskaan), liikunnan merkitysten (34) tärkeyttä ja liikunnan tai urheilun harrastamisaikomusta 20-vuotiaana. Aineistoa (n = 2 802) analysoitiin IBM SPSS Statistics 24 –ohjelmalla. Ristiintau-lukoimalla tarkasteltiin tärkeitä liikunnan merkityksiä ja niiden arvostamista urheiluseura-aktiivisuuden mukaan. Erojen tilastollinen merkitsevyys tarkistettiin χ2-testillä. Yksisuuntaisella varianssianalyysillä tarkasteltiin merkitysten määrää, joka varmistettiin Kruskal-Wallisin testillä tai Mann-Whitneyn U-testillä. Binäärisellä logistisella regressioanalyysilla tarkasteltiin liikunnan merkitysten määrään yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä. Nuorilla yleisesti tärkeät liikunnan merkitykset olivat parhaansa yrittäminen, hyvä olo, liikunnan terveellisyys ja ilo. Urheiluseurassa aktiivisesti liikuntaa harrastavilla nuorilla tärkeät merkitykset olivat monipuolisempia kuin muilla nuorilla. Kaikilla tytöillä terveyteen ja iloon liittyvät merkitykset korostuivat poikiin nähden. Iän myötä kunnon ja lihasvoiman merkitykset korostuivat harrastamattomilla nuorilla, vaikka useiden merkitysten arvostaminen väheni nuorilla yleisesti. Aktiivisesti harrastavilla nuorilla, useammin tytöillä ja nuoremmilla pojilla merkitysten määrä oli suurempi kuin vastaavasti muilla nuorilla, pojilla ja varttuneilla pojilla. Aktiivisesti harrastavien nuorten lisäksi 20-vuotiaana liikuntaa harrastaa aikovilla nuorilla oli todennäköisemmin enemmän tärkeitä liikunnan merkityksiä kuin muilla nuorilla. Nuorilla oli yhteisiä ja urheiluseurataustan, sukupuolen ja iän mukaan tärkeitä liikunnan merkityksiä. Seuraliikunnan aktiivinen harrastaminen, usein tyttöjen sukupuoli ja poikien nuorempi ikä sekä aikomus harrastaa liikuntaa aikuisena liittyivät suureen merkitysten määrään. Ilmeisesti kilpailemista painottava seuraliikunta voi vastata aktiivisesti liikuntaa harrastavien nuorten tärkeisiin liikunnan merkityksiin. Nuorille olisi myös tarjottava heidän tärkeisiin liikunnan merkityksiinsä perustuvaa liikuntaa. Jatkotutkimusaiheiksi nousivat liikunnan merkitykset tytöillä ja muuttuvassa liikuntakulttuurissa sekä miten organisoimalla seuraliikunta täyttää nuorille tärkeät liikunnan merkitykset ja tukee heidän osallistumistaan seuraliikuntaan. Asiasanat: liikunnan merkitys, liikuntasuhde, liikuntakulttuuri, urheiluseuraRinta-Antila, K. 2018. The meanings in physical activity according to sports club activeness among the adolescents participated in LIITU-study. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Master’s thesis, 62 p. Sports clubs are important sport organizers. Still many young people do not participate in club sports and the amount of participants decreases when adolescents grow up. The research indicate that competition emphasized in sports clubs is not an important meaning in physical activity (PA) for adolescents. It is also known that physically active people name more important meanings in PA than physically less active but there is little evidence of the relation between sports club activeness and meanings in PA. In this study, important meanings in PA were studied according to the sports club activeness in the framework of PA relationship. The study was based on the part of The Physical Activity Behaviours of Children and Adolescents in Finland (LIITU) survey study (2014) in which sports club activeness (regular and active; occasional; drop out; never), the importance of the meanings in PA (34) and intention to participate in PA or sports when adult were asked adolescents (5th-, 7th-, 9th-graders). The data (n = 2 802) were analysed with IBM Statistics 24 software. Important meanings and how they were valued according to sports club activeness were analysed by crosstabs and statistical signifigance was tested by χ2-test. One-way analysis of variance was used for the amount of meanings which was verified by Kruskal-Wallis test or Mann-Whitney U-test. Binary logistic regression analysis was used for factors in association with the amount of meanings. The most important meanings in PA were health, well-being, doing one’s best and pleasure. Among active participants the important meanings were more diverse than among other adolescents. Among all the girls meanings related to health and pleasure were emphazised compared to boys. With age the meanings of physical condition and muscle strength were emphazised among non-participants even if the appreciation of many meanings decreased commonly among adolescents. Active participants and more often girls and younger boys had greater amount of meanings than other adolescents, boys and older boys respectively. Apart from active participants, adolescents with intention to participate in PA or sports when 20 years old likely had more important meanings than other adolescents. The adolescents had important meanings in PA in common and according to sports club activeness, sex and age. Active participation in club sports, often girls’ sex, boys’ younger age and intention to participate in PA when adult were related to the great amount of meanings. Apparently sports clubs emphasizing competition can meet the active participants’ important meanings in PA. Apart from this, PA based on adolescents’ important meanings should be offered. Meanings for girls and in modern sports culture and how to organize club sports to meet adolescents’ important meanings in PA and support participation in club sports emerged as additional topics. Key words: meaning in physical activity, physical activity relationship, sports culture, sports clu

Does goal orientation relate to changes in sports club participation from adolescence to early adulthood?

Background Sports club participation begins to decrease in adolescence. There is a lack of knowledge, how sports club participation changes from adolescence to early adulthood in Finland, and how goal orientation influences on it. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine if goal orientation is associated to changes in sports club participation during afore mentioned critical years. Methods The study design is longitudinal. A sample of 366 (140 boys, 226 girls) adolescents were followed from age 15 (year 2014) to age 19 (year 2018). Sports club participation (yes/no) and goal orientation (no competitive goal, sports for hobby or physical development/regional, national or international success in adolescence/national, international or professional success in adulthood) were measured using questionnaires. In order to study changes in sports club participation, and goal orientation, descriptive statistics were performed. Gender differences were estimated using Chi-squared tests. A binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to examine the association between sports club participation, goal orientation and gender. Results By the age 19, 33% of boys and 43% of girls had dropped out from sports club, 45% of boys and 26% of girls had continued participation, and 21% of boys and 31% of girls never participated (p > 0.01). More boys (57%) than girls (31%) had a success in adulthood as a goal, and more girls (48%) than boys (27%) had a success in adolescence as a goal (p > 0.001). Adolescents with success in adulthood as a goal continued participation in sports club more likely than adolescents without competitive goal (OR = 4.81; 95% CI 2.26-10.23). Furthermore, boys were more likely to continue participation than girls (OR = 1.75; 95% CI 1.02-3.01). Conclusions The dropout from sports club activities from adolescence to early adulthood is obvious. Especially the adolescents without a competitive goal and girls are in danger to drop out. This indicates that contemporary forms of sports club activities support adolescents with strong competitive orientation. Therefore, there is a need for sports clubs to develop activities suitable for adolescents with less competitive orientation to ensure their continuous participation in sports club.nonPeerReviewe

How do sports clubs contribute to health? From theory to interventions

The symposium presents last findings on health promotion interventions in sports clubs. After a short introduction about the health promoting sports clubs (HPSC), five presentations (France, Sweden, Ireland, Finland and Netherlands) will reflect upon how sports clubs can be health promoting: in theory, from youth perspectives, by increasing physical activity level as outcome or enhancing sustainability of interventions, before opening the discussion with academic experts. Presentation 1 describes an iterative international process, implicating three groups (French sport students, French and Swedish experts) to create an intervention theory, based on the HPSC model. Presentation 2 focuses on a cross-sectional study investigating 123 Swedish youth's representation of sports clubs' role towards health promotion, identifying social dimension, environment, coaches, amount and ambition of practice as key factors. Presentation 3 is a longitudinal study among 366 adolescents, followed from age 15 to age 19, questioning the participation to organised sport practice and their orientation (leisure or competitive). Results have shown that by the age of 19, 33% of boys and 43% of girls have dropped out of organised sport, where 45% of boys and 26% of girls continued participation. Adolescents with a competitive goal orientation were more likely to continue participation. Presentation 4 is a longitudinal study among 131 youth measuring objective physical activity before and in the middle of a sport season. Principal results showed a significant change across time point, as well as differences between gender (a decrease in moderate to vigorous physical activity during games for boys and an increase for girls). Presentation 5 examined factors that influenced the sustainability of 14 Dutch sporting program aimed at increasing physical activity among inactive people 6.5 years after their implementation. Interviews with representatives of Dutch National Sports Federations and sports clubs helped to identify facilitating and impeding factors, like program adaptation, evaluation, financing and factors related to human resources. Question and Answer will be organised around the key ingredients and challenges facing the development of HPSC interventions, such as implementation of theoretical background, sport participants need consideration, complexity of outcomes evaluation of HPSC and program sustainability.nonPeerReviewe

Educational and family-related determinants of organized sports participation patterns from adolescence to emerging adulthood : A four-year follow-up study

This study aimed to identify organized sports participation patterns and their prevalence from adolescence to emerging adulthood, and the educational and family-related determinants of the patterns. Adolescents in the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study answered a health behaviour questionnaire and reported on sports club participation at ages 15 and 19 (N = 609). In emerging adulthood, dropouts (total 41.05%; females 43.72%; males 36.56%), maintainers (30.87; 26.44; 38.33), nonparticipants (27.59; 29.32; 24.67), and joiners (0.49; 0.52; 0.44) (p = .024) were identified. A mixed multinomial logistic regression analysis showed, that male gender, as compared to female gender, increased the odds of being a maintainer rather than a nonparticipant or dropout. Among females, high achievement at school and aspiration towards upper secondary school at age 15 increased the odds of being a maintainer at age 19 rather than a nonparticipant. High achievement at school and experiencing a (strong) decrease in parental support for physical activity/sport increased the odds of being a dropout rather than a nonparticipant. Having no experience of a strong decrease in parental support increased the odds of being a maintainer rather than a dropout. Among males, aspiration towards upper secondary school increased the odds of being a maintainer or dropout rather than a nonparticipant. The most common reason for dropping out was study, which was also the most prevalent life status at age 19. The findings highlight a need for more flexible possibilities to combine organized sports participation and school studies, and the importance of parental support for physical activity/sport.peerReviewe

Perceived coaches’ health promotion activity, maintenance of participation in sports, and lifestyle habits among emerging adults: a four-year follow-up study

Objectives This study focused on how adolescents’ perceptions of coaches’ health promotion activity predict maintained participation and dropout in organized sports in emerging adulthood. In addition, differences in lifestyle habits between maintainers, dropouts, and nonparticipants in organized sports were explored. Materials and Methods Overall, 616 adolescents reported organized sports participation in the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study at ages 15 and 19. Of these, 323 reported coach’s health promotion activity on health topics at the age of 15. An index of a coach’s general health promotion activity was formed. At age 19, all study participants reported their lifestyle habits. Results Among males, those who had perceived coaches’ general health promotion activity as frequent were more likely to be maintainers than dropouts (48.6% vs. 20.0%) (p = .002). Among females, there was no significant difference (32.0% vs. 28.4%). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender showed that perceiving coach’s general health promotion activity as frequent increased the odds of being a maintainer rather than a dropout. Moreover, maintainers had higher odds of having healthy lifestyle habits when compared to nonparticipants (related to physical activity; sleep; fruit and vegetable consumption; and cigarette use) or dropouts (related to physical activity; and cigarette use). In addition, dropouts had higher odds of having healthy lifestyle habits than nonparticipants (related to sleep; and cigarette use). Conclusions Perceiving coaches’ health promotion activity as frequent was related to maintained participation in organized sports among males. Maintainers were more likely to have more healthy lifestyle habits than nonparticipants and dropouts. There is a need to invest in coaches’ health promotion activity when it is infrequent. A more detailed understanding is needed of coaches’ health promotion activity that supports both maintained participation in sports, especially among females, and healthy lifestyle habits in emerging adulthood.peerReviewe

Sports‐related factors predicting maintained participation and dropout in organized sports in emerging adulthood : A four‐year follow‐up study

This study explored sports-related factors predicting organized sports participation in emerging adulthood. In the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study, 354 sports club participants aged 15 at baseline reported their main sport, onset age, training volume, current competitive level, and future competitive orientation and participated in the follow-up study at age 19. There were differences in the proportions of maintainers and dropouts in a few sports: football (maintainers 58.6%), and among females, skating (maintainers 60.7%), and swimming (dropouts 80.0%). A binary logistic regression analysis showed that those who had started their main sport by school age (females OR 3.05/95% CI 1.34, 6.98; males OR 3.97/95% CI 1.48, 10.64) and had competed at national top level plus had aimed at success at the adult level competitions in future (females OR 3.42/95% CI 1.16, 10.09; males OR 3.58/95% CI 1.12, 11.41; among females, also had competed at national top level plus had aimed at success at junior level competitions [OR 3.42/95% CI 1.20, 9.78]) were more likely maintainers than dropouts. Early onset in the main sport and competitiveness were related to maintained sports participation while the opposites were related to dropouts in the current organized sports system.peerReviewe

Nuorten liikuntakäyttäytyminen Suomessa : LIITU-tutkimuksen tuloksia 2020

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