37 research outputs found
A forage-only diet and reduced high intensity training distance in standardbred horses
This thesis examined growth, health and performance in sixteen 1.5-3-year-old Standardbred horses fed a forage-only diet and trained to race as 3-year-olds in either a control training programme (C-group) or a training programme in which the high intensity training distance was reduced by 30% (R-group). Body condition, height, body weight, exercise heart rate (HR), veterinary treatments, health status, locomotion symmetry and days lost to training were recorded continuously. Lactate, haematocrit and HR response to a standardised exercise were measured, as was lactate threshold (VLa4). A muscle biopsy was taken yearly for each horse and analysed for glycogen content. A complementary study examined the effect of forage crude protein (CP) content on insulin response to feeding in six adult, conditioned Standardbred horses.
All horses in the main study passed a preparation race, 94% qualified for races and 56% raced. Experimental horses raced to a similar extent and passed preparation and qualification races to a higher extent than their older siblings and horses of the same cohort. There was no difference between training groups with respect to race participation, post-exercise blood lactate or VLa4. R-group horses showed less pronounced cardiovascular response to training than C-group horses. There was no difference between the groups in clinical health examinations or locomotion asymmetry but R-group horses lost fewer days to training. Locomotion asymmetry in all horses increased after introduction of new speed training and high asymmetry was associated with later qualification for races. No cases of feed-related heath disorders occurred during normal management. The horses grew least as well as reported in the literature and body condition was maintained at a moderate level. Resting muscle glycogen content was within the range reported previously for concentrate-fed horses. In the study on adult horses, the CP content and the content of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) together explained more of the variation in insulin response to feeding than WSC content alone. It was concluded that a forage-only diet and reduced training distance can benefit health and poses no limitation to race participation, growth, body condition or muscle glycogen content in 3-year-old Standardbred horses
Effects of two different haylagediets on intestinal biota and feacal composition of horses and pigs
The aim of this study was to investigate if the botanical composition of haylage affects pH, dry matter content and microbial composition of the faeces in horse and pig and ileal environment in pigs. Two separate studies were conducted where pigs and horses were fed two diets containing haylages with different botanical composition. The first haylage was from a tilled land dominated by timothy and meadow fescue and the other haylage came from a meadowland with a large inclusion of dandelion, 25 % and common couch. The dry matter content (70.8 % and 73.0 % respectively) and the pH-value (5.7) were similar in both feeds.
The first study was made as a three-periods switch-back study with 7 Standardbred horses. In the first and the third period, 7 and 9 days long respectively, the diet consisted of the haylage from the tilled land, oats, sugar beet pulp, soy bean oil meal, lucerne pellets and brewers yeast. The second period, which lasted for 16 days, the horses were fed the meadowland haylage and a small amount of sugar beet pulp. Faeces were collected once in the first and the third period and twice in the second period, three days at the time.
The second study was conducted with four castrated ileum fistulated Yorkshire pigs and made up as a change-over study in two periods. The pigs were fed haylage together with a mix of maize starch, sugar, casein and rapeseed oil for two weeks with each haylage. The pigs were fitted with a Post Valve T Caecum cannula and samples were collected on day 9, 12 & 14 in each period. Samples of faeces were collected on day 8-11 in each period.
The faecal pH-value was significantly (P< 0.05) higher when horses and pigs were fed diets containing the meadowland haylage (pH 5.79 on haylage from tilled land and 6.26 on meadowland haylage). The dry matter content of the horse faeces were significantly (P< 0.05) lower on the meadow land haylage (19.5-20.6 %) the second period than on the haylage from the tilled land period I (25 %). No effects of pH-value could be observed in the caecum samples from the pigs.
The microbial populations of the faeces and digesta were investigated with Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism methodology. Five of the bacterial groups detected in the horse faeces differed significantly (P<0.05) between periods and one of the bacterial groups from the pig digesta samples differed with diet.Syftet med studien var att ta reda pÄ om hösilagets botaniska sammansÀttning pÄverkar
tarmmiljön hos hÀst och gris. Dessutom var syftet att jÀmföra de olika djurslagens reaktioner
pÄ fodermedlen. För att ta reda pÄ detta utfördes tvÄ separata studier med grisar och hÀstar,
som utfodrades med samma hösilage, samt en litteraturstudie. Hösilagen som anvÀndes i
studien var ett slÄttervallshösilage, frÀmst bestÄende av timotej och Àngssvingel, och ett
betesvallshösilage som hade stor inblandning av maskros, kvickrot samt en del örter.
Hösilagen hade likvÀrdiga ts-halter, 71 % resp. 73 % och pH-vÀrde 5,7.
I hÀststudien ingick 7 hÀstar av rasen Svensk Varmblodig TravhÀst som i en switch-back
studie under tre perioder först utfodrades med en foderstat dominerad av slÄttervallshösilaget
under 1 vecka (period I), sedan med betesvallshösilaget under 2 veckor (period II) och sedan
bytte tillbaka till foderstaten med slÄttervallshösilaget under 1 vecka (period III). Före
studiens början hade hÀstarna utfodrats med slÄttervallshösilaget under 3 veckor. Under
period I och III utfodrades Àven 18 % havre, 13 % betfor, 9 % lusernpellets, 7 % soja och 2 %
foderjÀst av totala ts intaget för att justera energi och proteinnivÄerna sÄ att foderstaterna blev
mer likvÀrdiga nÀringsmÀssigt. TrÀckprover samlades under varje period vid totalt fyra
tillfÀllen; period I dag 3-5, period II dag 7-9 samt dag 14-16 och under period III dag 7-9.
Grisstudien utfördes som en change-over studie med 4 kastrerade, ileumfistulerade, hangrisar
av rasen Yorkshire. Studien pÄgick under 4 veckor och foderbyte skedde efter halva tiden.
Förutom de tvÄ hösilagen utfodrades djuren med en blandning av majsstÀrkelse, socker,
kasein och olja. TrÀckprover samlades dag 8-11 i varje period. Tarmprover samlades dag 9,
12 och 14 under varje period dÀr prover frÄn dag 12 och 14 slogs samman.
Foderstaten med betesvallshösilaget visade sig ge ett signifikant högre pH-vÀrde i trÀcken hos
bÄde grisar och hÀstar. Hos hÀstarna var pH-vÀrdet vid slÄttervallsfoderstaten i genomsnitt
under period I 6,45 + 0,23 och under period III 6,55 + 0,25. PĂ„ betesvallsfoderstaten (period II
dag 8) var istÀllet genomsnittsvÀrdet 6,75 + 0,23 och under period II dag 16 var det 6,61 +
0,22. I trÀcken frÄn grisarna var det genomsnittliga pH-vÀrdet vid utfodring med
slÄttervallshösilaget 5,79 + 0,14 mot 6,26 + 0,36 vid utfodring med betesvallshösilaget. Inga
effekter av foder kunde ses pÄ pH-vÀrdet i tarmproverna. Ts-halten i trÀcken frÄn hÀstarna var
signifikant (P<0,05) lÀgre vid utfodring med betesvallshösilaget (19,5 + 0,6 % resp. 20,6 + 1,6
%) under de bÄda mÀttillfÀllena under period II Àn vid utfodring med slÄttervallshösilaget (25
+ 0,9 % under period I och 23,4 + 4,7 % i period III). Ăven i trĂ€ckproverna frĂ„n gris kunde en
numerisk skillnad ses (slÄttervallshösilaget 31,0 + 3,9 % ts och betesvallshösilaget, 26,6 + 1,4
% ts) men den var inte signifikant.
För att se om olika mikrobiella populationer gynnades, alternativt hÀmmades av nÄgon av
foderstaterna undersöktes den mikrobiologiska sammansÀttningen i trÀck- och tarmprover
med Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) metodik. Detta visade
pÄ signifikanta (P <0,05) skillnader mellan foder i fem av de detekterade bakteriegrupperna
frÄn hÀst och en av de detekterade bakteriegrupperna frÄn tarmproverna pÄ gris.
Slutsatsen frÄn den hÀr studien Àr att foderstaten med betesvallshösilaget ökade det fekala pHvÀrdet
hos bÄde hÀst och gris och minskade ts-halten i trÀcken, hos gris dock bara numeriskt.
Ăven delar av de mikrobiologiska populationerna pĂ„verkades av de olika dieterna. HĂ€star och
grisar svarade lika pÄ de bÄda fodren med höjda fekala pH-vÀrden och sÀnkt ts-halt i trÀck vid
utfodring med hösilage frÄn en betesvall jÀmfört med hösilage frÄn en slÄttervall
A metabolomics perspective on 2 years of high-intensity training in horses
The plasma metabolomic profile of elite harness horses subjected to different training programmes was explored. All horses had the same training programme from 1.5 until 2 years of age and then high-intensity training was introduced, with horses divided into high and low training groups. Morning blood samples were collected at 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3.5 years of age. The plasma was analysed using targeted absolute quantitative analysis and a combination of tandem mass spectrometry, flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatography. Differences between the two training groups were observed at 2 years of age, when 161 metabolites and sums and ratios were lower (e.g. ceramide and several triglycerides) and 51 were higher (e.g. aconitic acid, anserine, sum of PUFA cholesteryl esters and solely ketogenic AAs) in High compared with low horses. The metabolites aconitic acid, anserine, leucine, HArg synthesis and sum of solely ketogenic AAs increased over time, while beta alanine synthesis, ceramides and indole decreased. Therefore high-intensity training promoted adaptations linked to aerobic energy production and amino acid metabolism, and potentially also affected pH-buffering and vascular and insulin responses
Locomotion asymmetry in young Standardbred trotters in training and links to future racing career
This study evaluated whether front and hind limb symmetry patterns observed from 1.5 through 3 years of age in Standardbred trotters in training affect racing activity at older age. The hypothesis tested was that asymmetries observed during this period are linked to reduced number of lifetime races and low earnings. Sixteen Standardbreds were subjected to a controlled training and dietary programme from the age of 1.5 years until December as 3-year-olds (P1) and then continued their career with other trainers. On 17 occasions during P1, locomotion asymmetry (vector sum) in front and hind limbs during trot in hand was recorded with a sensor-based system. By 10 years of age, data on lifetime number of races and earnings of the horses were obtained from the Swedish Trotting Association. Horses were divided in groups based on the number of lifetime races performed, i.e. more or less than the median of the cohort born the same year. Mean asymmetry levels did not differ between horses performing more or less lifetime races than the cohort median. However, horses that showed the poorest lifetime race activity showed elevated hind limb asymmetry in August at the age of 3 years, compared to horses with more races (group median: 6±2 mm (P=0.02)). There were no correlations between individual mean and peak asymmetries and lifetime earnings. It is concluded that locomotion symmetry observed during trot in hand at the age of 1.5-year-olds to December as 3-year-olds was not a simple and straight-forward predictor of future racing career. However, hind limb asymmetries of around 10 mm in the late season as 3-year-olds could be a warning of impaired future performance
Reduced high-intensity training distance in growing horses had no effect on IGF-1 concentrations, but training onset interrupted time-dependent IGF-1 decline
This study investigated plasma insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1 concentrations in 16 young Standardbred horses introduced to systematic high-intensity training at two different levels of intensity. Growth and locomotion asymmetry and correlations between these and plasma IGF-1 concentrations were also examined. From September as 1-year olds to March as 2-year olds (Period 1), all horses were subjected to the same submaximal training program. In March (start of Period 2), the horses were divided into two groups (n=8) and one group was introduced to regular high-intensity training. The other group was introduced to a program where the high-intensity exercise distances were reduced by 30%. These two training programs were maintained for the remaining 21 months of the study (Periods 2, 3, and 4). There was no effect of training group on plasma IGF-1 concentrations. A continuous decline in IGF-1 levels was observed throughout the study (PP>0.05). Front and hind limb asymmetry was elevated in Period 2 compared with Period 1. There were positive correlations between IGF-1 concentrations and changes in body condition score, and a negative correlation between IGF-1 concentration and weight. These results indicate that introduction to high-intensity training induces IGF-1 release in horses, but that a 30% difference in the distances used in high-intensity training does not affect IGF-1 levels. The temporary interruption in decline in IGF-1 release with the onset of high-intensity training may influence growth pattern and locomotion asymmetry, but further studies are needed to assess causality
Chemical composition of horse hooves with functional qualities for competing barefoot
Barefoot racing is a common practice within the harness racing industry, but not all horses have hooves of sufficient quality to race sustainably without shoes. There is currently no objective approach available to assess whether a horseâs hooves are suitable for barefoot racing, raising animal welfare issues if trainers misjudge the functional qualities of hooves. This study compared chemical composition of the hoof wall and fatty acid (FA) composition of the digital cushion in a group of horses that had raced barefoot often (RB) and a group of horses that could not race barefoot and therefore raced with shoes (RS). Trimmings from the hind hoof wall were collected from the lateral quarters in one sub-cohort postmortem and in another sub-cohort of live horses and analyzed for macro- and microelements, nitrogen, dry matter (DM), and total and free amino acid content. For the postmortem horses, samples of the digital cushion were also collected and analyzed for total and free FAs. RB horses had lower concentrations of copper in the hoof wall (17.5 ± 3.9 vs. 32.8 ± 4.7 mg/kg DM, P = 0.02) than RS horses. RB horses also tended (
Effects of rye inclusion in dog food on fecal microbiota and short-chain fatty acids
BackgroundRye intake has been associated with beneficial effects on health in human interventions, possibly due to dietary fiber in rye. In dogs, few studies have explored the effects on health of dietary fiber in general, and rye fiber in particular. The aim of this study was to investigate how inclusion of rye, compared with wheat, influenced fecal microbiota composition, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in dogs. Six male Beagle dogs (mean age 4.6 years, SEM 0.95 years; mean body weight 14.6 kg, SEM 0.32 kg) were fed three experimental diets, each for 21 days, including an adaptation period of six days and with 2-2.5 months between diet periods. The diets were similar regarding energy and protein, but had different carbohydrate sources (refined wheat (W), whole grain rye (R), or an equal mixture of both (RW)) comprising 50% of total weight on a dry matter (DM) basis. The diets were baked and titanium dioxide was added for ATTD determination. Fecal samples were collected before and in the end of each experimental period. Fecal microbiota was analyzed by sequencing 16S rRNA gene amplicons and fecal SCFA by high-performance liquid chromatography. Crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) in food and feces were analyzed and ATTD of each was determined. Univariate and multivariate statistical methods were applied in data evaluation.ResultsFaecal microbiota composition, differed depending on diet (P = 0.002), with samples collected after consumption of the R diet differing from baseline. This was primarily because of a shift in proportion of Prevotella, which increased significantly after consumption of the R diet (P < 0.001). No significant differences were found for SCFA, but there was a tendency (P < 0.06) for higher molar proportions of acetic acid following consumption of the R diet. The ATTD of crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, and GE was lower after consumption of the R diet compared with the other diets (P < 0.05).ConclusionsConsumption of the R diet, but not RW or W diets, was associated with specific shifts in microbial community composition and function, but also with lower ATTD
Straw as an Alternative to Grass Forage in Horses-Effects on Post-Prandial Metabolic Profile, Energy Intake, Behaviour and Gastric Ulceration
Simple Summary Many leisure horses have low energy requirements and obesity is common. Straw has a low energy content and could be a forage option for these horses. However, a previous study suggested that providing straw as the only forage was associated with an increased risk for gastric ulcers. This study evaluated replacing 50% of the daily forage allowance with a good hygienic quality wheat straw. Six horses were fed both the control diet (grass forage only, CON) and the straw diet (50:50 grass forage and straw, S). Each diet was fed for three weeks and all horses were evaluated on both diets. Diet did not affect the prevalence of gastric ulcers. Feed intake time was longer and daily energy intake lower on diet S, compared to CON. Plasma insulin levels were lower on diet S compared to CON, which could be beneficial for horses with overweight or insulin dysregulation. The results suggest that good hygienic wheat straw provided at 50% of the forage ration does not cause gastric ulcers, but may prolong feeding time and promote a metabolic profile more suitable for overweight horses. Including straw as part of the ration therefore may improve welfare for horses with low energy requirements. Straw's low energy content means it is a roughage option for horses with low energy requirements. Previously, in a field study, straw was associated with an increased risk for gastric ulcers. This study evaluated the effect on gastric ulcers, metabolic profile and behaviour of replacing, in a forage-only ration, 50% of the daily allowance with wheat straw. Six equines were studied in a 2 x 21-day cross-over design. The control diet (CON: 100% grass forage) and the straw diet (S: 50% grass forage and 50% straw [DM basis]) were iso-energetic. Gastroscopy was performed prior to the study and on day 21 and blood samples were collected and behavioural observations were performed. Diet did not affect squamous or glandular gastric ulcer scores (p > 0.05). Feed intake time was longer (p < 0.05) plus energy intake and plasma insulin concentrations were lower on diet S compared to CON (p < 0.0001). Plasma serotonin concentrations tended to be higher on diet S compared to CON (p = 0.05). The results suggest that good hygienic quality wheat straw can be included for up to 50% of the diet without causing gastric ulcers and that it can extend feeding time and promote a metabolic profile more suitable for overweight horses
Vallfoder till hÀstar ur ett utfodringsperspektiv : en kunskapssammanstÀllning frÄn 1903-2022
En kunskapssammanstĂ€llning om vallfoder till hĂ€star ur ett utfodringsperspektiv har genomförts. Syftet var att samla och sprida befintlig kunskap samt identifiera kunskapsluckor inom Ă€mnesomrĂ„det. En systematisk kartlĂ€ggning omfattande den tillgĂ€ngliga vetenskapliga litteraturen inom Ă€mnesomrĂ„det frĂ„n 1900-talets början fram till april 2022 utfördes och har sammanstĂ€llts i föreliggande rapport.Hur mycket vallfoder en hĂ€st kan konsumera avgörs av flera faktorer men en av de viktigaste Ă€r vallfodrets innehĂ„ll av fiber. Generellt gĂ€ller att ju högre fiberinnehĂ„llet Ă€r, desto mer behöver hĂ€sten tugga pĂ„ fodret och desto lĂ€ngre blir Ă€ttiden. FiberinnehĂ„llet i vallfodret avgörs frĂ€mst av plantans botaniska mognad vid skörd â ju senare plantmognad, desto högre fiberinnehĂ„ll. För vallfoder bestĂ„ende av olika grĂ€sarter Ă€r den genomsnittliga frivilliga konsumtionen 2,1 % torrsubstans (ts) av kroppsvikten och för lusern Ă€r det frivilliga intaget i regel nĂ„got högre, 2,6 % ts av kroppsvikten i genomsnitt.Eftersom hĂ€star i olika fysiologiska stadier (till exempel drĂ€ktiga, vĂ€xande eller trĂ€nande) har olika stora behov av energi och nĂ€ringsĂ€mnen betyder det ocksĂ„ att olika krav behöver stĂ€llas pĂ„ vallfodret till olika hĂ€stkategorier. HĂ€star med högre energi- och nĂ€ringsbehov, det vill sĂ€ga hĂ€star i avel och hĂ„rd prestation, behöver fĂ„ sina behov tĂ€ckta av vallfodret medan hĂ€star med lĂ€gre energioch nĂ€ringsbehov behöver fĂ„ tillrĂ€ckligt lĂ„ng Ă€ttid utan att dess behov överskrids. Den faktor som avgör vilket energivĂ€rde ett vallfoder fĂ„r för hĂ€star Ă€r smĂ€ltbarheten, som i sin tur i huvudsak bestĂ€ms av fiberinnehĂ„llet i vĂ€xten. Ju högre fiberinnehĂ„ll, desto lĂ€gre blir i allmĂ€nhet smĂ€ltbarheten och dĂ€rmed Ă€ven energivĂ€rdet. DĂ€rför kan skörd i en förhĂ„llandevis sen plantmognad, dĂ„ fiberinnehĂ„llet Ă€r högt, vara lĂ€mpligt för hĂ€star med lĂ€gre behov medan vallfoder för hĂ€star med högre behov bör vara skördat i en tidigare plantmognad. För vĂ€xande unghĂ€star, föl och avelsston behöver vallfodret innehĂ„lla mer smĂ€ltbart rĂ„protein. Det kan uppnĂ„s med skörd i tidig plantmognad, kvĂ€vegödsling av grĂ€s eller genom att anvĂ€nda vallbaljvĂ€xter. Det finns dock ett begrĂ€nsat antal studier pĂ„ hur vĂ€l vallfoder kan tĂ€cka energi- och proteinbehovet hos denna hĂ€stkategori. HĂ€starnas mineralĂ€mnesbehov kan tĂ€ckas av vallfodret med undantag av natrium och selen, men vallfoders innehĂ„ll av mineralĂ€mnen varierar mycket och det bör dĂ€rför analyseras, sĂ€rskilt om foderstaten enbart bestĂ„r av vallfoder. Vallfodrets innehĂ„ll av vitaminer antas tĂ€cka hĂ€stars behov av detsamma dĂ„ vitaminbrist Ă€r ovanligt förekommande, men antalet studier pĂ„ detta omrĂ„de Ă€r litet.Vallfodrets innehĂ„ll av socker kan vara av betydelse för hĂ€star med olika typer av störningar i sin metabolism, som till exempel insulinresistens och korsförlamning. För dessa bör vallfodrets innehĂ„ll av socker analyseras, eftersom det kan variera stort beroende pĂ„ de rĂ„dande förutsĂ€ttningarna vid vallens tillvĂ€xt och skörd samt i nĂ„gon mĂ„n pĂ„verkas av vilka grĂ€sarter som ingĂ„r. Ensilage innehĂ„ller dock generellt lĂ€gre koncentration av socker Ă€n hö eftersom sockret omvandlas under ensileringsprocessen. Hösilage har en begrĂ€nsad ensilering och dĂ€rför varierar ocksĂ„ sockerinnehĂ„llet i detsamma. Hur vallfodret skördas och/eller konserveras kan pĂ„verka dess sammansĂ€ttning vilket i sin tur kan inverka pĂ„ hĂ€stars fodernedbrytning, Ă€mnesomsĂ€ttning och prestation men antalet studier pĂ„ detta Ă€r begrĂ€nsat. HĂ€star som utfodrats med jĂ€mförbart ensilage, hösilage och hö, det vill sĂ€ga som producerats frĂ„n samma ursprungsgröda, har uppvisat liknande fodernedbrytning och likadana prestationer vid arbetstest oberoende av vilken vallfodertyp de utfodrats med.Vallfodrets hygieniska kvalitet pĂ„verkas av bĂ„de skörde- och lagringsförhĂ„llanden samt av hur fodret hanteras vid utfodring. Hö behöver i allmĂ€nhet skyddas mot uppfuktning av omgivande luft redan under tidig höst (oktober) för att motverka tillvĂ€xt av mögelsvampar i höets yta. Inplastat vallfoder behöver istĂ€llet skyddas mot skador pĂ„ plasten eftersom syreintrĂ€de i balarna ökar risken för mögeltillvĂ€xt i fodret. JĂ€mförelser av hö och inplastat vallfoder (hösilage) har visat att hö generellt innehĂ„ller högre koncentration av inandningsbara partiklar, oftast i form av mögelsporer, vilka kan medverka till att hĂ€stens utvecklar kroniska luftvĂ€gssjukdomar. Mögelgifter kan ocksĂ„ förekomma i vallfoder men antalet studier pĂ„ detta omrĂ„de Ă€r begrĂ€nsat. TillvĂ€xt av oönskade bakterier kan ske i vallfoder framför allt dĂ„ fodret kontaminerats av kadaver. Utfodring av vallfoder med nedsatt hygienisk kvalitet till hĂ€star kan, utöver kroniska luftvĂ€gsproblem, medföra allvarliga hĂ€lsostörningar som förgiftningar av mögel- eller bakterietoxin (till exempel botulism) vilka inte sĂ€llan har dödlig utgĂ„ng.Engelskt rajgrĂ€s och rörsvingel kan vara infekterade av sĂ„ kallade endofytsvampar vilka kan bilda giftiga substanser i fĂ€lt. Dessa substanser kan bland annat orsaka komplikationer vid fölning. Studier pĂ„ endofytinnehĂ„llande vallfoder till hĂ€star har framför allt utförts i USA och svenska sĂ„dana saknas trots att det Ă€r relevant för det nordiska klimatet.Vissa vallvĂ€xter, sĂ€rskilt vallbaljvĂ€xter, kan innehĂ„lla antinutritionella substanser som till exempel vĂ€xtöstrogener, oxalat eller fotosensitiviserande substanser. Antalet studier pĂ„ dessa substanser och deras betydelse för hĂ€sthĂ€lsan Ă€r begrĂ€nsat och skulle behöva undersökas vidare.Vallfoder kan behandlas pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt innan utfodring för att anpassas till det rĂ„dande behovet. Det rör sig framför allt om Ă„ngbehandling eller blötlĂ€ggning av vallfoder för att minska mĂ€ngden inandningsbart damm eller sockerhalten. BĂ„de Ă„ngbehandling och blötlĂ€ggning av hö har visat att halten av inandningsbara partiklar minskar kraftigt, men ocksĂ„ att hĂ€starnas respons i luftvĂ€garna pĂ„ blötlagt eller Ă„ngbehandlat foder verkar variera. BlötlĂ€ggning av hö kan reducera sockerhalten till lite mer Ă€n hĂ€lften av det ursprungliga sockerinnehĂ„llet, men effekten av blötlĂ€ggningen kan variera kraftigt och som en bieffekt kan Ă€ven rĂ„protein och mineralĂ€mnen lakas ur, vilket kan behöva kompenseras för vid utfodring.Ett flertal kunskapsluckor har identifierats i sammanstĂ€llningen. NĂ„gra exempel Ă€r att ökad kunskap behövs om hur olika vallarter, inklusive vallbaljvĂ€xter, kan anvĂ€ndas i vallfoder för att kunna energi- och nĂ€ringsförsörja olika hĂ€stkategorier med fokus pĂ„ bĂ„de prestation, hĂ€lsa och vĂ€lfĂ€rd. Hur detta pĂ„verkar vilka metoder som kan anvĂ€ndas för att konservera fodret och vallfodrets hygieniska kvalitet eller innehĂ„ll av antinutritionella substanser Ă€r kunskap som behövs för en hĂ„llbar framtida vallfoderförsörjning av hĂ€stpopulationen