CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates-3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/4/1/50</p><p>Retrovirology 2007;4():50-50.</p><p>Published online 23 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1950888.</p><p></p>ell (in 88% of the cultures) and RT production was measured in MDM 15 days after infection. Values are means from at least two experiments with MDM from different donors

CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates-1

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/4/1/50</p><p>Retrovirology 2007;4():50-50.</p><p>Published online 23 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1950888.</p><p></p>ysed by 0.001% Triton X-100 followed by one cycle of freeze-thawing step. Lysates were titrated at five-fold dilution steps on hPBMC. Supernatant culture fluids from hPBMC infections were collected at day 7 and production of RT was analyzed with undiluted supernatants. The RT cut-off detection level was 50 pg/ml and values above 1000 pg/ml could not be separated. Dark grey bars represent mean virus production in NP-2/CD4/CCR5 cells and. light grey bars represent virus production in NP-2/CCR5 cells. White bars represent virus production measured by RT in PBMC infected with cell lysates diluted 1:5 from infected NP-2/CCR5 cells. Positive syncytia induction (SI) are indicated with +. Means of RT production in duplicates of infection are indicated

CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/4/1/50</p><p>Retrovirology 2007;4():50-50.</p><p>Published online 23 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1950888.</p><p></p>RT/well. The day after infection cultures were washed extensively and fresh medium was added. Infected NP-2/CCR5 cells were followed for syncytia induction up to seven days after infection. RT was analyzed in supernatants from NP-2 cells at day 1 after wash and before start of cocultivation. Cocultivation of NP-2/CCR5 cells with hPBMC was started seven days after infection and virus production was measured after additional 6 days. CD4-independent-HIGH, virus production and/or syncytia induction could be detected directly in NP-2/CCR5 cells (dark grey). CD4-independent-LOW, productive infection in NP-2/CCR5 cells revealed only after cocultivation of infected NP-2/CCR5 cells with hPBMC (light grey). RT was analyzed with undiluted supernatants and therefore values above 1000 pg RT/ml cannot be separated. Detection limit for RT was 50 pg/ml. Values are means of duplicate infections

CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates-2

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/4/1/50</p><p>Retrovirology 2007;4():50-50.</p><p>Published online 23 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1950888.</p><p></p>he CCR5 part is represented as grey and the CXCR4 part as black. B. Mode of CCR5-use was analyzed by infection of U87.CD4 cells expressing CCR5 or chimeric receptors. Length of bars indicates degree of infection and syncytia induction as observed in a light microscope 5 and 7 days after infection. Degree of infection follows a scale from 0 to 5 where 0 is no syncytia and RT negative; 1 was 90% of the wells. RT production was positive in grades ranging from 2 to 5 and in concordance with syncytia induction

CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates-4

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "CD4-independent use of the CCR5 receptor by sequential primary SIVsm isolates"</p><p>http://www.retrovirology.com/content/4/1/50</p><p>Retrovirology 2007;4():50-50.</p><p>Published online 23 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1950888.</p><p></p>time in 13 macaques. Neutralization sensitivity of three isolates (A, 2-week isolates, B, 3 or 4-month isolates and C, late isolates) from each macaque was tested with 1:20 dilution of serum [30]. Neutralization was also performed with autologous serum which gave similar results (data not shown). Neutralization sensitivity was measured using the GHOST(3) cell plaque reduction assay which has a cut-off for neutralization at 30% (marked with a line), that is results below 30% are negative [67]. The majority of newly infected macaques harbored virus populations with a CD4-independent-HIGH (dark grey bars) and neutralization sensitive phenotype. This phenotype gradually changed to become a CD4-independent-LOW (light grey bars) and neutralization resistant (below 30%) virus population. CD4-dependent isolates (white bars) were seen in both neutralization sensitive and neutralization resistant populations. Values are mean neutralization (+/- SD) of two independent assays performed in triplicates

Prevalence of HI titers ≥40, pandemic vaccine uptake and laboratory-confirmed cases in Stockholm county.

<p>Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in Stockholm county the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons. Post-pandemic prevalence of HI titers ≥40 (samples collected in May 2010), pandemic vaccine uptake and laboratory-confirmed cases for the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons.</p

Number of tested serum samples per age-group and collection period (percent of total).

<p>Number of tested serum samples per age-group and collection period (percent of total).</p

CONSORT Flow Diagram.

<p>Number of subjects assessed for eligibility, enrolled and randomized to study vaccine or placebo. Subjects were included in a step-wise fashion with 16 subjects in each group. Interim safety analysis was performed before vaccination of the next, higher dose group.</p

Prevalence of HI titers ≥40 and ≥10 against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.

<p>Percentage of individuals with HI titers (A) ≥40 and (B) ≥10 against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in serum samples collected in 2007, October 2009, May 2010 and May 2011. Bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.</p

A Phase I Clinical Study of a Live Attenuated <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> Vaccine - BPZE1; A Single Centre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating Study of BPZE1 Given Intranasally to Healthy Adult Male Volunteers

<div><p>Background</p><p>Acellular pertussis vaccines do not control pertussis. A new approach to offer protection to infants is necessary. BPZE1, a genetically modified <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> strain, was developed as a live attenuated nasal pertussis vaccine by genetically eliminating or detoxifying 3 toxins.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating study of BPZE1 given intranasally for the first time to human volunteers, the first trial of a live attenuated bacterial vaccine specifically designed for the respiratory tract. 12 subjects per dose group received 10³, 10⁵ or 10⁷ colony-forming units as droplets with half of the dose in each nostril. 12 controls received the diluent. Local and systemic safety and immune responses were assessed during 6 months, and nasopharyngeal colonization with BPZE1 was determined with repeated cultures during the first 4 weeks after vaccination.</p><p>Results</p><p>Colonization was seen in one subject in the low dose, one in the medium dose and five in the high dose group. Significant increases in immune responses against pertussis antigens were seen in all colonized subjects. There was one serious adverse event not related to the vaccine. Other adverse events were trivial and occurred with similar frequency in the placebo and vaccine groups.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>BPZE1 is safe in healthy adults and able to transiently colonize the nasopharynx. It induces immune responses in all colonized individuals. BPZE1 can thus undergo further clinical development, including dose optimization and trials in younger age groups.</p><p>Trial Registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01188512" target="_blank">NCT01188512</a></p></div