Metal concentration and health risk assessment of fifteen wild mushrooms collected from the Ankara University Campus (Turkey)

The aim of this study is to analyze Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni contents of Cyclocybe cylindracea, Armillaria mellea, Bjerkandera adusta, Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus, Coprinellus disseminatus, C. micaceus, C. comatus, Inonotus hispidus, Lepista nuda, Leucoagaricus leucothites, Pleurotus ostreatus, Cerioporus squamosus, Schizophyllum commune, Scleroderma verrucosum, and Trametes trogii collected from the Ankara University Besevler 10th Year Campus (Turkey), an area where human settlement and traffic are intense. In addition to the elemental analysis, the daily intake of metal (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) values of the edible ones were also calculated. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni concentrations of the samples were found to be 112.0-5079.0, 3.0-124.0, 4.0-77.0, 2.0-196.0, 0.18-2.98, 0.18-5.3, 0.04-10.98, and 0.22-8.23 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. As a result of DIM and HRI analysis, C. cylindracea, L. nuda, and C. squamosus were found to be within the reference dose limits determined by competent authorities and can be safely consumed in terms of all metals studied. However, the Cd, Co, and Fe contents of C. micaceus were found to be above 1.0 (1.06, 4.25, and 7.06, respectively). In addition, it has been found that A. mellea, R. armeniacus, C. comatus, L. leucothites, and P. ostreatus are toxic in terms of Cd/Co, Fe/Pb, Co/Fe, Cd, and Fe contents, respectively. As the area in question is a traffic intensive area, it has been concluded that the emissions of the vehicles should be controlled in terms of legal limits and that the consumption of some mushrooms in this region should not be preferred until necessary measures are taken

Onosma polyanthavs.Onosma mollis: Analysis of Phenolic Compounds Using Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and Assessment of the Antioxidant Activity

To our knowledge, this is the first work on the influence of species upon the bioactive molecules, antioxidant properties, and enzyme inhibitory capacities against tyrosinase and alpha-amylase ofOnosma polyanthaandO. mollis. The levels of phenolic compounds were from 6.55 to 10.37 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract. The concentrations of total flavonoids varied from 2.71 to 10.78 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract. Twenty-five compounds were quantified via liquid chromatography - electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Significant differences were found between the two species. Chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, hesperidin, and luteolin 7-glucoside were the major compounds in both species. Four antioxidant assays together with two enzyme tests confirmed thatO. polyanthaandO. mollisextracts exhibited remarkable antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory capacities. Statistical analyses confirmed that the biological activities depend on the synergism between phenolic compounds and radicals. The results proposedO. polyanthaandO. mollisspecies as potential sources of bioactive compounds for industrial application

A comparative study on the phenolic composition, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of two endemic Onosma species

The studies on bioactivities of plant extracts are a fundamental requirement for future pharmacological research. Therefore, the present study extracted the phytochemicals from the two endemic species such as Onosma isaurica and O. bracteosa and tested their antioxidant, reducing power and enzyme inhibitory activities followed by scanning of the phytochemicals in the extracts by using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The results revealed that the antioxidant activity in terms of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and ferrous ion chelating was not statistically significant between the species but 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging was significant between the two species. Reducing power in terms of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) reducing did not exhibit the significance while cupric ion (CUPRAC) reducing and phosphomolybdenum displayed significance between the two species. In case of the enzyme inhibitory assay, the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity was significant but tyrosinase inhibitory was not significant between the species. The bioactivities of the extracts were compared with standard positive controls as trolox for ABTS radical, DPPH radical, FRAP reducing, CUPRAC reducing and phosphomolybdenum; Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for ferrous ion chelating; acarbose for a-amylase inhibition; and kojic acid for tyrosinase inhibition. Both of the species showed significantly higher bioactivity than their respective positive controls. Interestingly the bioactivity was found promising with O. bracteosa over O. isaurica due to the high presence of the phenolics. The richness of the phytochemicals in O. bracteosa was evidenced by LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. In conclusion, the two endemic species - O. isaurica and O. bracteosa which are rich in bioactivity deserve for conservation and sustainable utilization towards developing pharmaceutically valid natural products in the future

Study on the Chemical Composition, Enzyme Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity of Ziziphora taurica subsp. cleonioides

Ziziphora is a plant used in Turkish and Iran traditional medicine for its antibacterial activity, sedative and stomach soothing properties. Although the chemical profile of the essential oil of different Ziziphora species is well documented, data regarding plant extracts are incomplete. In this study extracts from Ziziphora taurica subsp. cleonioides were obtained using ethyl acetate, methanol and water and the chemical profile of the aerial part of the plant was elucidated. Among the compounds identified, rosmarinic acid was the most abundant (3375.67 +/- 38.02 mu g/mL), at the extract of methanol, followed by chlorogenic acid (3225.10 +/- 16.44). Enzyme inhibition activity against alpha-amylase and tyrosinase was also estimated. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest alpha-amylase activity (1.95 +/- 0.04 mg/mL), while the best anti-tyrosinase activity was calculated for the methanolic extract (1.25 +/- 0.01 mg/mL). In addition, total phenolic, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity were evaluated. According to our results, bioactivity of the plant is of great interest, nonetheless, at the same time, it is strongly depended on the solvent used during the extraction process. Our data suggest that the plant under study may be an important source to consider against metabolic, skin pigmentation and oxidative stress related disorders

Micromeria myrtifolia: The influence of the extracting solvents on phenolic composition and biological activity

Currently, there is much interest in using the active compounds that exist in plants as natural treatments. The pharmaceutical industry is also looking for novel chemical compounds from natural sources that do not have side effects. The purpose of this study was to identify the antioxidant and enzymatic inhibition activities of different extracts (ethyl acetate, methanol and water) of Micromeria myrtifolia from Turkey. The phenolic constituents in the extracts were also identified using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The methanol and water extracts were rich in rosmarinic, syringic, chlorogenic, caffeic, and protocatechuic acids, while rosmarinic acid and apigenin were the main compounds in the ethyl acetate extract. Hence, the water extract showed the highest antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid contents, followed by those of the methanol extract. However, inhibition of alpha-amylase and tyrosinase was the most efficient in the methanol extract