Mean (thicker solid lines) and mean plus/minus one standard deviation (thinner dashed lines) of cumulative meta-analytic effect as a function of the number of publications.

<p>The black lines represent the situation where <i>E_obs</i> is tested with respect to 0. The red lines represent the situation when ignoring the 3 latest publications for determining <i>E_meta</i>. The means and standard deviations are calculated across the 5,000 repetitions of the simulation.</p

Illustration of Proteus phenemonen from Ioannidis and Trikalinos [27].

<p>(Reprinted from Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 58, J. P. Ioannidis and T. A. Trikalinos, Early extreme contradictory estimates may appear in published research: The Proteus phenomenon in molecular genetics research and randomized trials, pp. 543–549, 2005, with permission from Elsevier.) The figure shows odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of “the relationship between the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) TT genotype in the mother and the risk of neural tube defects in the child”. The study with the strongest effect is shown by a square symbol and the study with the smallest effect is shown by a triangular symbol. The white line represents the summary odds ratio. The shaded area represents the 95% confidence interval of the summary odds ratio.</p

Mean (thicker solid lines) and mean plus/minus one standard deviation (thinner dashed lines) of the cumulative meta-analytic effect as a function of the number of studies.

<p>Note that the number of studies can vary per repetition because the simulation was terminated when 40 publications were done under the Selective Publication Approach. Only studies having more than 4,500 out of 5,000 <i>E_meta</i> values available are shown (i.e., study numbers 3–585). The means and standard deviations are calculated across the repetitions of the simulation.</p

Mean (thicker solid lines) and mean plus/minus one standard deviation (thinner dashed lines) of observed effects of individual studies (<i>E_obs,pub</i>) as a function of the number of publications.

<p>The means and standard deviations are calculated across the 5,000 repetitions of the simulation.</p

Mean number of studies until publication as a function of the number of publications.

<p>The means are calculated across the 5,000 repetitions of the simulation.</p

Session means (standard deviations in parentheses) of the dependent measures for the four sessions.

<p><i>p</i> values are indicated for comparisons between the both groups of drivers. Pearson correlation coefficients are shown between the first and fourth session and the third and fourth session.</p

Differences between racing and non-racing drivers: A simulator study using eye-tracking - Fig 5

<p>Top: absolute steering wheel velocity as a function of traveled distance of the fastest lap of each session (<i>N</i> = 28 for the racing drivers, <i>N</i> = 40 for the non-racing drivers). Individual lines are shown as well as the group means with a thick line type. Grey shaded areas indicate the four corners. Lower left: Probability density of the throttle position averaged across the fastest laps of each session, for the racing drivers and non-racing drivers. Significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.01) are indicated by the black horizontal line at the bottom of the figure. Lower right: Brake position traces for the fastest lap of each session, for the racing drivers and non-racing drivers. A temporal shift was applied to the onset of braking (defined as brake position > 10). Individual participants’ brake positions are shown, as well as the group means indicated by the thicker line. The vertical dashed line indicates the brake onset time, at t = 0 s.</p

From top to bottom, overview of vehicle speed, steering angle, brake position, and throttle position as a function of traveled distance for the racing drivers and non-racing drivers averaged across both groups for the fastest laps of each of the four sessions.

<p>Grey shaded areas indicate the four corners.</p

Individual paths of the vehicle center of the racing drivers (N = 28) and non-racing drivers (N = 40) for the fastest laps of each session for the second (left) and third (right) corner, the driving direction is indicated by the black arrow.

<p>The three panels indicate the start (1), middle (2), and the end of the corner (3) and corresponds to an area of 40 by 40 m.</p

Difference between the horizontal gaze angle and the tangent point angle as a function of track position for the racing drivers (top left) and non-racing drivers (top right) averaged across all sessions and fastest laps.

<p>The black arrow indicates the driving direction. The lower left panel shows the horizontal gaze angle with respect to the tangent point, averaged across all sessions and fastest laps for both the racing drivers and the non-racing drivers. The lower right panel shows a definition of the horizontal gaze angle, the tangent point, and the color scaling.</p