Similarities and Differences in Chinese and Caucasian Adults' Use of Facial Cues for Trustworthiness Judgments

All cultural groups in the world place paramount value on interpersonal trust. Existing research suggests that although accurate judgments of another's trustworthiness require extensive interactions with the person, we often make trustworthiness judgments based on facial cues on the first encounter. However, little is known about what facial cues are used for such judgments and what the bases are on which individuals make their trustworthiness judgments.In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that individuals may use facial attractiveness cues as a “shortcut” for judging another's trustworthiness due to the lack of other more informative and in-depth information about trustworthiness. Using data-driven statistical models of 3D Caucasian faces, we compared facial cues used for judging the trustworthiness of Caucasian faces by Caucasian participants who were highly experienced with Caucasian faces, and the facial cues used by Chinese participants who were unfamiliar with Caucasian faces. We found that Chinese and Caucasian participants used similar facial cues to judge trustworthiness. Also, both Chinese and Caucasian participants used almost identical facial cues for judging trustworthiness and attractiveness.The results suggest that without opportunities to interact with another person extensively, we use the less racially specific and more universal attractiveness cues as a “shortcut” for trustworthiness judgments

An increase in unsaturation of fatty acids in posphatidylglycerol from leaves improves the rates of photosynthesis and growth at low temperatures in transgenic rice seedlings

The level of cis-unsaturated fatty acids in phosphatidylglycerol (PG) from rice leaves was genetically altered from 19.3% in the wild-type to 29.4 and 32.0% in T1 plants segregated with cDNAs for glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase of chloroplasts (GPAT; EC 2.3.1.15) from Arabidopsis (+AGPAT plant) and spinach (+SGPAT plant), respectively; and to 21.4% in a non-transformant segregated from +SGPAT plants (-SGPAT plant). In all these plants, O2 evolution from leaves was similar at 25 degrees C and was impaired to a similar extent at 5 and 11 degrees C. However, in parallel with the levels of cis-unsaturated fatty acids in PG, +AGPAT and +SGPAT plants showed less impaired rates of O(2) evolution from leaves than the wild-type and -SGPAT plants at 14 and 17 degrees C. In agreement with this, the fresh weight of 14-day-old seedlings increased to 571 + or - 18, 591 + or - 23, 687 + or - 32 and 705 + or - 31 mg in the wild-type, -SGPAT, +AGPAT and +SGPAT plants, respectively, after 6 weeks at 17/14 degrees C (day/night). These results demonstrate the practical importance of the present technology with GPAT in improvement of the chilling sensitivity of crops

The procedure of face judgments.

<p>A: the procedure of trustworthiness judgments; B: the procedure of attractiveness judgments; C: scale used in the trustworthiness judgments; D: scale used in the attractiveness judgments. In both tasks, the faces were presented with the scale underneath the face image.</p

The correlations between attractiveness and trustworthiness judgments of Caucasian male faces by Caucasian and Chinese participants.

<p>The correlations between attractiveness and trustworthiness judgments of Caucasian male faces by Caucasian and Chinese participants.</p

Examples of facial cues for trustworthiness with attractiveness considered by Caucasian and Chinese participants.

<p>These facial features are adjusted in terms of −4, −2, 0, 2, and 4 SD from the mean. Note that after controlling attractiveness, the facial cues of trustworthiness for Chinese only concluded skin shade (dark/light) which is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0034859#pone-0034859-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>.</p

Examples of facial cues for trustworthiness and attractiveness judgments by Caucasian and Chinese participants.

<p>These facial features are adjusted in terms of −4, −2, 0, 2, and 4 SD from the mean.</p

Facial features that significantly contributed to the attractiveness judgments of Caucasian male faces by Caucasian and Chinese.

<p><i>p</i><0.001; bolded features are significant for both Caucasian and Chinese participants.</p

Facial features significantly contributed to the trustworthiness judgments of Caucasian male faces by Caucasian and Chinese with attractiveness considered.

<p><i>p</i><0.001; bolded features are significant for both Caucasian and Chinese participants.</p

Comparisons of facial cues between trustworthiness and attractiveness.

<p>Comparisons of facial cues between trustworthiness and attractiveness.</p

The Association of Current Violence from Adult Family Members with Adolescent Bullying Involvement and Suicidal Feelings.

Although several studies have reported that child physical abuse increased the risk for bullying involvement, the effect of current violence from adult family members (CVA) on bullying involvement and suicidal feelings among adolescents has not been sufficiently examined. This study investigated the association of CVA with adolescent bullying involvement and the interaction effect of CVA and bullying involvement on suicidal feelings. This cross-sectional study used data from a school-based survey with a general population of adolescents (grades 7 to 12). Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire completed by 17,530 students. Logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the association of CVA with adolescent bullying involvement and suicidal feelings. The overall response rate was 90.2%. The odds of students being characterized as bullies, victims, and bully-victims were higher among adolescents with CVA than without CVA (odds ratios (OR) = 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI), [2.3-3.7], 4.6 [3.6-5.8], and 5.8 [4.4-7.6], respectively). Both CVA (OR = 3.4 [95% CI 2.7-4.3]) and bullying (bullies, victims, and bully-victims; OR = 2.0 [95% CI 1.6-2.6], 4.0 [3.1-5.1], 4.1 [3.0-5.6], respectively), were associated with increased odds of current suicidal feelings after adjusting for confounding factors. Furthermore, positive additive effects of CVA and all three types of bullying involvement on suicidal feelings were found. For example, bully-victims with CVA had about 19-fold higher odds of suicidal feelings compared with uninvolved adolescents without CVA. This study, although correlational, suggested that CVA avoidance might prevent bullying involvement and suicidal feelings in adolescents