Procedure.

<p>(A) Schematic illustration of the procedure with the components training of the cognitive task, treatment (i.e., Trier Social Stress Test, TSST, or standardized control situation) and cognitive testing (including testing parts 1-4). Note that each part comprised two PM block-Test block cycles. In addition, measurement time-points of salivary α-amylase (sAA), cortisol and mental-state with the German “Mehrdimensionaler Befindlichkeitsfragebogen” (multidimensional mental-state questionnaire, MDBF [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085685#B31" target="_blank">31</a>]) are given. Note that at time point -1 min, the saliva sample was taken before TSST or control treatment, whereas the MDBF was completed after treatment instruction, to enable assessing anticipation of the upcoming treatment. (B) Example trial sequence of the prospective memory (PM) block and Test block. As ongoing task participants performed animate vs. inanimate categorizations on German nouns in all trials except for PM trials, on which they were required to press the spacebar. Aftereffects of completed intentions were assessed in the Test block as ongoing-task performance differences between PM_REPEATED compared to standard trials. Note colored framing of trial types was not present in the experiment but serves exclusively to illustrate different trial types in this figure.</p

Neuroendocrine measures.

<p>Mean salivary α-amylase (sAA) and cortisol levels for the stress group and the no-stress group over the time-course of the experimental session (minutes before or after the Trier Social Stress Test [TSST] or the control condition, respectively). Error bars represent standard errors. *<i>p</i> < .05, **<i>p</i> < .01, ***<i>p</i> < .001.</p

Cognitive performance.

<p>Mean response time (RT) and mean error rates for the Prospective memory (PM) block and the Test block as a function of trial type (PM block: standard vs. PM; Test block: standard vs. PM_REPEATED) and treatment (stress vs. no stress). Error bars represent standard errors. </p

The study site.

<p>Left: Photograph of the study site at Mt. Kilimanjaro (FLM3). Right: Visualization of the forest simulated with FORMIND, showing all trees with a stem diameter > 5 cm for a forest area of 1 ha. The colors of the crowns represent the six plant functional types (PFTs).</p

Simulated productivity and tree mortality over time.

<p>Presented are gross primary production (GPP), respiration of the vegetation, and the resulting net primary production (NPP). The red line indicates the loss of biomass due to mortality events.</p

Simulated stem size distribution.

<p>Number of trees for different DBH—classes. The red bars indicate the simulated stem size distribution with its variation. The blue line indicates the measured stem size distribution for the investigated forest at Mt. Kilimanjaro.</p

Carbon stocks and carbon fluxes.

<p>Simulated forest carbon pools and net ecosystem exchange (NEE) over time. (a) Presented is the amount of carbon in the living biomass, in the deadwood, and in the soil. (b) The NEE is a measurement of how much carbon is entering and leaving the forest. The simulated NEE started with a forest clearcut. Positive values indicate a carbon sink.</p

Leaf area index (LAI) for different height layers in a forest.

<p>The green line is the mean of the simulated LAI, the green area is the range of the LAI in different height layers. The red points are the mean measurements of the LAI in the investigated forest, the red lines are the measured range.</p

Species grouping into six plant functional types (PFT) for the investigated forest.

<p>The grouping consists of three size classes and three light demand classes. The size class depends on the maximum attainable height of the respective tree species. The light class indicates shade tolerance: shade-tolerant trees (climax species), shade-intolerant trees (mainly pioneer species) and intermediate shade-tolerant trees.</p><p>Species grouping into six plant functional types (PFT) for the investigated forest.</p