A cost and performance analysis of the three electronic communication systems currently in use in the printing and publishing industry

This study describes and evaluates the three electronic graphic communication systems presently used by the printing and publishing industry. The author has selected generic system names for each of the systems. These are: System 1: Page Facsimile System 2: Character-Encoding System 3: Pixel Density-Map Page Facsimile systems are primarily used by newspaper publishers. The Character-Encoding and Pixel Density-Map systems are alternate methods primarily used by newsweekly magazine publishers. All three communication systems offer the user a means of transmitting editorial, and in some cases advertising pages, to remote printing facilities for manufacturing and distribution. Each electronic graphic communication system is investigated in depth. The study provides specific information for the potential user, and the current user. The problem for the user is how to best match the communication system, i.e. how the system operates, the cost and performance of that system, with the user\u27s requirement for transmitting graphic information. Based on the full evaluation of each of the systems in the study, the author concludes the following: System 1: Page Facsimile The Page Facsimile system is relatively simple for the user to install and operate. However, all pages must be prepared as camera ready copy prior to transmission. The component costs for this system design are relatively low. Conversely, the method of encoding generates the most data to be transmitted. As a result, the user is required to use expensive transmission lines. Also, with limited data storage, this system requires the immediate transmission and reception of data. From an overall cost standpoint the Page Facsimile system is the least expensive system in the study -The quality levels attained by this system are best suited for newspaper applications, where the text and 4/color quality requirements of the publications are not paramount. These systems offer the user the many advantages of a full communication system, i.e. the transmission of all editorial and advertising pages. Broadcast transmission is used for remote printing locations. System 2: Character-Encoding The Character-Encoding system is more complex to install and operate, particularly if 4/color pages are transmitted. The component costs for this system design are relatively high. Character-encoding is the most efficient method used to encode graphic information, enabling the user the advantage of using less expensive transmission lines. From an overall cost standpoint the Character-Encoded system is the second most expensive system in the study. The high text quality levels attained by this system are best suited for publications that are text oriented. Conversely, this system has inherent limitations in the levels of 4/color quality which can be transmitted, limiting its use as a communication system. At present, point-to point transmission is used, a factor which will eventually limit the number of remote printing locations. System 3: Pixel Density-Map The Pixel Density-Map system is more complex to install and operate because of the level of system sophistication. The component costs for this system design are very expensive. In addition, the method of encoding the graphic information is data intensive requiring the use of expensive data transmission lines. However, the data storage built into this system offers the user the advantage of selecting variable data rates and transmission times. From an overall cost standpoint the Pixel Density-Map system is the most expensive system in the study. The Pixel Density-Map system is the best 4/color transmission system. This communication system is best suited for publications that are pictorially oriented. However, this system has inherent limitations in the levels of text quality which can be achieved. The major advantage of this system is its potential to be eventually used as a full communication system. At present, broadcast transmission is used for remote printing locations

Gendered work: Women\u27s paid labor in Barre, Vermont and Trinidad, Colorado, 1880--1918

Between 1880 and 1918, thousands of women in Barre, Vermont and Trinidad, Colorado entered the paid labor force. They worked as boardinghouse keepers, domestic servants, waitresses, laundresses, prostitutes, office workers, saleswomen, telephone operators, business owners, teachers, nurses, doctors, lawyers, artists, musicians, and midwives. By compiling and manuscript census records for 1880, 1900, and 1910, and city directories for the period 1880 to 1918, this study identified 3,634 working women in Barre and 3,886 working women in Trinidad. Cross-checking these names against probate, city, and county court records, marriage and death records, newspapers, local manuscript collections, and oral histories, stories of a few hundred women emerged. The patterns in aggregate data provided an overall picture of female employment in each community. Personal stories of the smaller subset of women provided a clearer look into their lives. By comparing working women in two communities in the East and West, this study provides a baseline for examining how two diverse regions affected women\u27s working lives. Although Barre and Trinidad, were located in disparate regions, the northeast and the Rocky Mountain west, employed women of each community had similar work opportunities and experiences. During the time period under study, each community grew from a town into a small city, with concomitant population and economic growth. Women\u27s opportunities for earning wages underwent an expansion that included growth in office work, sales, the telephone industry, teaching, nursing, and other professions. The women of Barre and Trinidad took advantage of this expansion. Nonetheless, a woman\u27s gender, not the region in which she resided, nor her race/ethnicity, or economic class, primarily determined the type of paid labor she found

Training a New Librarian in the What, How, Where, and Why of Health Sciences Collection Management

Collection management for the health sciences, particularly clinical medicine, is an increasingly complex job which, anecdotally, is usually given to experienced librarians. Health sciences libraries tend to delegate collections responsibilities to one librarian who holds all of the institutional collections knowledge. Replacing these people as they retire or move on can be difficult unless new librarians become trained in collections work. At the Michigan State University Libraries, recent search committee experience revealed that an entrylevel health sciences collections position attracted fewer applicants than entry‐level health sciences positions for instruction, liaison, or educational technology. This may reflect the focus of library school curricula as even applicants for the collections position generally had very little relevant exposure to the subject in library school or internships. Health sciences librarianship in general can involve a lot of on‐the‐job training, but supervisors hiring new librarians for collections may find themselves starting from scratch. This poster will demonstrate a detailed training program developed to teach a newly graduated librarian how to develop and manage an extensive clinical medicine collection at a large university library serving medical schools. The step‐wise approach focuses on learning by doing, moving from the specific to general principles rather than the other way around. Decision making for selection of materials is approached from multiple angles: institutional analysis, subject analysis, and publisher and vendor knowledge. The new librarian will provide insight into which parts of the training were most helpful

'No-one runs away for no reason' : understanding safeguarding issues when children and young people go missing from home

An estimated one in nine children will run away from home or substitute care before their 16th birthday in the UK. This paper explores the safeguarding concerns and responses for children and young people who run away or go missing from home. The majority of children and young people run away from home due to family relationship problems. Running away or being physically absent from home may be due to abuse and neglect. One in 11 children reported being hurt or harmed whilst running away. For some young people, 'running to' a person or situation can present many risks and can be part of a coercive and exploitative relationship. Despite these multiple indicators of risk, there has been little focus on safeguarding policies and practice for children and young people who run away from home. Drawing on a case example of a third-sector service using Return Interview Assessments, this paper argues that professionals must ensure that all children and young people who run away or go missing from home are given meaningful opportunities to be listened to, and taken seriously, in order to ensure that a wide range of safeguarding concerns can be addressed

Occupational Therapy’s Role in Addressing Sex and Intimacy for Individuals with Progressive Neuromuscular Disorders

Individuals with progressive neuromuscular disorders (PND); specifically, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Huntington’s Disease (HD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) often face physical, psychological, and social challenges related to sex and intimacy. Occupational therapy (OT) practitioners are experts in activity analysis and are equipped with unique knowledge of performance skills and client factors to address deficits in occupational performance. Though there is literature presenting the effects of PND on sexual occupations, a gap exists as it relates to qualitative data from the perspective of the individual and their partners. A mixed-methods survey was conducted examining the lived experience of adults with progressive neuromuscular disorders to inform programming addressing intimate and sexual needs. Themes were identified from study results in order to inform an evidence-based program addressing sexual and intimate participation and enhance relationships. This research reaffirmed that sexual occupations should not go unaddressed as these can be beneficial not only to the individual patient\u27s well-being, but their partnership and social domains as well. Occupational therapists can facilitate meaningful participation in sexual occupations for these individuals by addressing: their unique physical barriers through positioning and adaptations, providing stress management strategies for both internal and external stressors, and facilitating positive communication between individuals with PND and their partners. The findings from this study support an increased role for OT practitioners in the domain of sexuality.https://soar.usa.edu/casmsummer2020/1005/thumbnail.jp

Rhythmic Sensitivity and Developmental Language Disorder in Children

Children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) have difficulties in acquiring language in the absence of other neurodevelopmental issues (e.g. autism, hearing impairment) and despite growing up in an adequate language-learning environment. Previous characterisations of DLD have focused on grammatical processing, phonological memory or rapid auditory processing. This thesis approaches the language-learning difficulties of children with DLD from a novel perspective by considering the potential contribution made by differing levels of sensitivity to the rhythmic properties of language. Children with DLD have been shown to have reduced sensitivity to some of the acoustic cues present in speech which are thought to be important for rhythmic perception. Since rhythm forms the basis of language processing in early development, poorer sensitivity to language rhythm may result in later language problems. To investigate whether children with DLD demonstrate difficulties in processing language rhythm, this thesis explores five areas of language processing which could be affected by poor rhythmic sensitivity: locating word-boundaries, processing novel words, storing lexical stress patterns, representing sentence level structures and the integration of rhythm and syntax. As part of the investigation, measures were also taken of acoustic threshold sensitivity to see whether task performance related to acoustic sensitivity. A parallel strand of the study investigated whether provision of an entraining rhythm prior to task stimuli could support task performance. Three groups of children participated in the study: children with DLD, age-matched TD children (AMC) and younger, language-matched TD children (YLC). The results indicate that rhythmic manipulation of language stimuli affects task responses across the five language areas under investigation. The findings are then discussed in terms of the contribution made to our understanding of the role of rhythm in language and language disorder.Research supported by a studentship awarded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC

The Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) Locus in Human Breast Cancer

The Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) locus lies within the MHC locus on human chromosome 6. It encompasses the genes for TNF, Lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) and Lymphotoxin Beta (LTbeta). The location of the locus has intimated a role for TNF in the progression of MHC-linked and also malignant diseases. Ten polymorphic sites have been detected within the locus (comprising of RFLPs and microsatellites) and consequently, disease-associated alleles are now being looked for. Certain alleles have been linked to increased levels of TNF expression and these higher levels are thought to contribute to the aetiology of disease states. In this study I have examined six of the polymorphic sites spanning the TNF locus in 84 unrelated breast cancer patients, presenting at a follow-up clinic in Glasgow Royal Infirmary. I obtained allelotype and genotype data on each individual and compared the results with those previously obtained within our group for two further adenocarcinoma populations (gastric, n=45 and colorectal, n=106) and a control population, n=115. The results show that there is not a defined malignant genotype at the TNF locus, but the breast population does differ significantly to the control population in allelotype expression at two of the polymorphic sites, the TNFc and TNFa microsatellites (p=0.0282 and 0.0023 respectively). The colorectal cancer population is significantly different to the controls with regard to allelotype expression at the TNFc locus (p=0.0111) and also shows a significantly different genotype expression pattern at this site (p=0.0248) (data supplied by group member, Hui-Hui Oh). I also found that, in the breast cancer population, there was an overexpression of two alleles and a genotype previously demonstrated to be associated with high TNF expression; TNFa2, TNFc2 and the TNFB*1, B*2 genotype at a Nco-1 endonuclease RFLP site. This leads us to suggest that the predicted higher levels of TNF in these patients may play a role in the progression to the malignant state

Protein-protein interactions within the 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes

The 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase complexes; pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC), 2- oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDC) and branch-chain 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase (BCOADC), are mitochondrial multienzyme complexes which comprise of multiple copies of three different enzymes; El, E2 and E3, that catalyse the oxidative decarboxylation of 2-oxoacids to their respective acyl CoA derivatives. The E2 enzyme forms the structural core, to which several copies of both El and E3 are non-covalently bound. Despite being three of the largest known proteins, relatively little is known regarding the interactions between the constituent components. This is due primarily to the flexibility within the complex which makes the generation of large quantities of material difficult. In this thesis, we have demonstrated the ability to overexpress various subgenes of the complexes in E. coli. The first is a sub-gene of the E2-PDC enzyme from various sources and also the corresponding sub-gene of protein X, termed the di-domain. These di-domains, are comprised of the peripheral subunit binding domain and adjacent lipoyl domain. We have shown that the di-domains have retained their ability to fold correctly, by studying their lipoylation state. Their function to bind the E3 enzyme has been demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance. By binding purified E3 enzymes to the surface of a dextran-coated chip and passing crude extracts containing the overexpressed di-domains over the E3, we have determined that the strongest binding affinities were between human E3 and the protein X di-domain, further substantiating the hypothesis that protein X has evolved to bind E3. The binding affinities between E2-PDC and E3 are sufficiently high to suggest that in the absence of competition from El, E3 may be able to form a stable complex with E2. The sequences surrounding the lipoylation site, a conserved DKA motif within the lipoyl domain, have been investigated using a monoclonal Ab specific for the lipoylated form of the domain, to determine residues critical for recognition by the lipoylating enzymes. To date, there has been some ambiguity with regard to the requirements of the lipoylating enzymes to enable lipoylation to occur. We have shown, with the use of lipoyl domain point mutants that the levels of lipoylation can be altered by mutating residues close to the critical lipoyl lysine. The structure of OGDC has evolved with significant structural differences to PDC and BCOADC. In particular, the El component has the ability to interact directly with E3 as well as the E2 core. The N-terminal region of El is thought to be important in these interactions. Subsequently we have overexpressed, in E. coli, three N-terminal fragments for use as competitive inhibitors of OGDC reconstitution. Despite failing to bind E3, these fragments display inhibition following MgCl2 dissociation, suggesting interference with El binding to the E2 core. Future work is planned to further investigate the divergent structure and protein-protein interactions of OGDC, along with interactions within the other two complexes. The overexpression and subsequent purification of each individual component should allow progress in this area

Impaired Recognition of Metrical and Syntactic Boundaries in Children with Developmental Language Disorders.

In oral language, syntactic structure is cued in part by phrasal metrical hierarchies of acoustic stress patterns. For example, many children's texts use prosodic phrasing comprising tightly integrated hierarchies of metre and syntax to highlight the phonological and syntactic structure of language. Children with developmental language disorders (DLDs) are relatively insensitive to acoustic stress. Here, we disrupted the coincidence of metrical and syntactic boundaries as cued by stress patterns in children's texts so that metrical and/or syntactic phrasing conflicted. We tested three groups of children: children with DLD, age-matched typically developing controls (AMC) and younger language-matched controls (YLC). Children with DLDs and younger, language-matched controls were poor at spotting both metrical and syntactic disruptions. The data are interpreted within a prosodic phrasing hypothesis of DLD based on impaired acoustic processing of speech rhythm