3 research outputs found
Elution of Uranium and Transition Metals from Amidoxime-Based Polymer Adsorbents for Sequestering Uranium from Seawater
High-surface-area amidoxime and carboxylic
acid grafted polymer
adsorbents developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory were tested
for sequestering uranium in a flowing seawater flume system at the
PNNL-Marine Sciences Laboratory. FTIR spectra indicate that a KOH
conditioning process is necessary to remove the proton from the carboxylic
acid and make the sorbent effective for sequestering uranium from
seawater. The alkaline conditioning process also converts the amidoxime
groups to carboxylate groups in the adsorbent. Both Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and hydrochloric
acid elution methods can remove ∼95% of the uranium sequestered
by the adsorbent after 42 days of exposure in real seawater. The Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>–H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> elution method
is more selective for uranium than conventional acid elution. Iron
and vanadium are the two major transition metals competing with uranium
for adsorption to the amidoxime-based adsorbents in real seawater.
Tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzenedisulfonic acid disodium salt, 1 M)
can remove iron from the adsorbent very effectively at pH around 7.
The coordination between vanadiumÂ(V) and amidoxime is also discussed
based on our <sup>51</sup>V NMR data
Investigations into the Reusability of Amidoxime-Based Polymeric Adsorbents for Seawater Uranium Extraction
The ability to reuse amidoxime-based
polymeric adsorbents is a
critical component in reducing the overall cost of the technology
to extract uranium from seawater. This report describes an evaluation
of adsorbent reusability in multiple reuse (adsorption/stripping)
cycles in real seawater exposures with potassium bicarbonate (KHCO<sub>3</sub>) elution using several amidoxime-based polymeric adsorbents.
The KHCO<sub>3</sub> elution technique achieved ∼100% recovery
of uranium adsorption capacity in the first reuse. Subsequent reuses
showed significant drops in adsorption capacity. After the fourth
reuse with the ORNL AI8 adsorbent, the 56-day adsorption capacity
dropped to 28% of its original capacity. FTIR spectra revealed that
there was a conversion of the amidoxime ligands to carboxylate groups
during extended seawater exposure, becoming more significant with
longer exposure times. Ca and Mg adsorption capacities also increased
with each reuse cycle supporting the hypothesis that long-term exposure
resulted in converting amidoxime to carboxylate, enhancing the adsorption
of Ca and Mg. Shorter seawater exposure (adsorption/stripping) cycles
(28 vs 42 days) had higher adsorption capacities after reuse, but
the shorter exposure cycle time did not produce an overall better
performance in terms of cumulative exposure time. Recovery of uranium
capacity in reuses may also vary across different adsorbent formulations.
Through multiple reuses, the AI8 adsorbent can harvest 10 g uranium/kg
adsorbent in ∼140 days, using a 28-day adsorption/stripping
cycle, a performance much better than would be achieved with a single
use of the adsorbent through a very long-term exposure (saturation
capacity of 7.4 g U/kg adsorbent). A time dependent seawater exposure
model to evaluate the cost associated with reusing amidoxime-based
adsorbents in real seawater exposures was developed. The predicted
cost to extract uranium from seawater ranged from 830/kg
U. Model simulation suggests that a short seawater exposure cycle
(<15 days) is the optimal deployment period for lower uranium production
cost in seawater uranium mining
Vacuum-Assisted Low-Temperature Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Thin-Film Electrodes for High-Performance Transparent and Flexible All-Solid-State Supercapacitors
Simple
and easily integrated design of flexible and transparent
electrode materials affixed to polymer-based substrates hold great
promise to have a revolutionary impact on the functionality and performance
of energy storage devices for many future consumer electronics. Among
these applications are touch sensors, roll-up displays, photovoltaic
cells, health monitors, wireless sensors, and wearable communication
devices. Here, we report an environmentally friendly, simple, and
versatile approach to produce optically transparent and mechanically
flexible all-solid-state supercapacitor devices. These supercapacitors
were constructed on tin-doped indium oxide coated polyethylene terephthalate
substrates by intercalation of a polymer-based gel electrolyte between
two reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin-film electrodes. The rGO electrodes
were fabricated simply by drop-casting of graphene oxide (GO) films,
followed by a novel low-temperature (≤250 °C) vacuum-assisted
annealing approach for the in situ reduction of GO to rGO. A trade-off
between the optical transparency and electrochemical performance is
determined by the concentration of the GO in the initial dispersion,
whereby the highest capacitance (∼650 μF cm<sup>–2</sup>) occurs at a relatively lower optical transmittance (24%). Notably,
the all-solid-state supercapacitors demonstrated excellent mechanical
flexibility with a capacity retention rate above 90% under various
bending angles and cycles. These attributes underscore the potential
of the present approach to provide a path toward the realization of
thin-film-based supercapacitors as flexible and transparent energy
storage devices for a variety of practical applications