Seasonal colony fluctuations of <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i> in Accra from January 2009 through January 2012.

<p>Triangles indicate tracking periods of the present study during population low (wet season 2009) and population high (dry season 2011); vertical lines represent colony counts.</p

Foraging distances of Old World fruit bat species (Pteropodidae) in relation to body mass.

<p>1: <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i>, dry season, 2: <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i>, wet season. Linear regression (y = 0.746x + 1.810, R² = 0.384) with 95% confidence bands shown. Grey dots show cave-roosting <i>Rousettus</i> spp. See Supporting Information (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138985#pone.0138985.s008" target="_blank">S4 Table</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138985#pone.0138985.s001" target="_blank">S1 Appendix</a>) for literature data.</p

Habitat use of <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i> with respect to tree cover.

<p>Box plot of foraging points during the wet (n = 306) and dry season (n = 225) compared to the frequency distribution of 10,000 random points within a radius of 88 km around the colony site. Black dots: outliers beyond the 5^th / 95^th percentiles.</p

Seasonal changes of maximum and cumulative flight distances (a), and in size of core and foraging areas (b).

<p>Box plots show maximum flight distances from the colony to the most distant foraging area and the mean of daily cumulative flight distances. Box plots of core and foraging areas show the 50% and 90% kernel density UDs (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138985#pone.0138985.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>). Dots represent raw data.</p

GPS tracks of <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i> from wet (a) and dry season (b).

<p>Round dots represent commuting and roosting locations, and octagons foraging locations of <i>E</i>. <i>helvum</i>. Black circles indicate the maximum foraging distance of wet season (37 km) and dry season (88 km). Southern part of map corresponds to Atlantic Ocean. See Supporting Information (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0138985#pone.0138985.s004" target="_blank">S3 Fig</a>) for detailed maps of foraging areas of selected individuals.</p

Details of the bat species and their respective seroprevalence rates calculated using the Luminex binding assay data.

*<p><i>E. gambianus</i> was caught in all habitats, including at the city colony and in plantation.</p>**<p>A small number was caught in plantation.</p

Serological cross-reactivity in <i>E. helvum</i> between HeV and NiV.

<p>The Luminex assay MFI readings against each of the NiV and HeV G proteins were plotted along the X and Y axis, respectively. Note: the scale is different for the two axes.</p

The M.F.I. of anti-NiV (Red) and HeV (Blue) antibodies from 2 cats (C), 2 dogs (D), 10 sheep (S) and 15 goats (G) from Ghana with NiV positive cat and negative (all species) control.

<p>The M.F.I. of anti-NiV (Red) and HeV (Blue) antibodies from 2 cats (C), 2 dogs (D), 10 sheep (S) and 15 goats (G) from Ghana with NiV positive cat and negative (all species) control.</p

The median fluorescent intensities (M.F.I.) of 97 pig (P) sera from Ghana tested in pools of 2 or singly for antibodies against Nipah (NiV-Red) and Hendra (HeV-Blue) virus soluble glycoprotein (sG) attached to microspheres on the Luminex platform.

<p>Positive and negative serum controls are shown.</p

Weekly presence determined by radio-telemetry of the female <i>Eidolon helvum</i> in central Accra, Ghana.

<p>The bat was determined to be seropositive against both Ebolavirus subtype Zaire and Lagos Bat Virus (Nigeria 1956 isolate). The bat was pregnant when sampled in January 2008. Monthly mean rainfall is shown in mm (data from World Weather Information Service).</p