Multivariable regression analyses showing changes in outcomes (and 95% confidence intervals) at follow-up (23–27 y) per quartile of formula/cow's milk intake at 10 days, 6 weeks and 3 months during infancy^*.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for age at follow-up, gender, intervention group.</p><p>Model 2: as model 1 plus adjustment for z-score of birth weight, father's social class, lifetime smoking, alcohol intake and exercise.</p>1<p>Insulin Sensitivity Index whilst fasting = 10⁴/(I₀×G₀).</p>2<p>Corrected Insulin Response at 30 minutes = 100×I₃₀/(G₃₀×(G₃₀−70).</p>†<p>Outcomes were natural-log transformed, and coefficients and confidence intervals represent a change in ratio of geometric means per quartile of formula/cows' milk intake.</p>*<p>Reference category is those in the lowest quartile of infant formula/cow's milk intake, amongst those who received infant formula/cow's milk.</p

Multivariable regression analyses showing relative changes in outcomes at follow-up (23–27 y) in participants who consumed formula/cow's milk (FF) compared to those who were breastfed (BF) at 10 days, 6 weeks and 3 months during infancy.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for age at follow-up, sex, intervention group.</p><p>Model 2: as model 1 plus adjustment for z-score of birth weight, father's social class, lifetime smoking, alcohol intake and exercise.</p>1<p>Insulin Sensitivity Index whilst fasting = 10⁴/(I₀×G₀).</p>2<p>Corrected Insulin Response at 30 minutes = 100×I₃₀/(G₃₀×(G₃₀−70).</p>†<p>Outcomes were natural-log transformed, and coefficients and confidence intervals represent a change in ratio of geometric means between groups.</p

Adult age and gender adjusted associations of milk intake (breastfed vs. formula/cows' milk fed or by quartile of formula/cows' milk consumed) at 10 days, 6 weeks and 3 months during infancy with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin sensitivity (ISI₀) and insulin secretion (CIR₃₀) measures in later life in subjects included in the final analysis (mean and (95% CI)).

<p><i>P</i>-values are adjusted for age at follow-up. <i>P</i> for trend was calculated across quartiles of formula/cows' milk intake.</p>1<p>Insulin Sensitivity Index whilst fasting = 10⁴/(I₀×G₀).</p>2<p>Corrected Insulin Response at 30 minutes = 100×I₃₀/(G₃₀×(G₃₀−70).</p>†<p>Geometric means with 95% CI.</p

Comparison of baseline characteristics of participants eligible for the final analysis, by gender (mean and SD, unless stated as median and IQR, or %).

<p>SD = Standard deviation; IQR = Interquartile Range; BMI = Body mass index.</p>1<p>Insulin Sensitivity Index whilst fasting = 104/(I0×G0).</p>2<p>Corrected Insulin Response at 30 minutes = 100×I30/(G30×(G30−70).</p>†<p>Geometric means and log SD values.</p>*<p>Difference in means by gender observed (two sample t-test), all p<0.02.</p>∧<p>N for 10 d intake = 568 (312 males, 256 females); N for 6 wk intake = 566 (309 males, 257 females); N for 3 m intake = 569 (310 males, 259 females).</p

Flow chart of participant numbers for analysis of data from the Barry-Caerphilly Growth (BCG) study.

<p>Flow chart of participant numbers for analysis of data from the Barry-Caerphilly Growth (BCG) study.</p

Adult age and gender adjusted associations of milk intake (breastfed vs. formula/cows' milk fed, or by quartile of formula/cows' milk consumed) at 10 days, 6 weeks and 3 months during infancy of subjects included in final analysis (mean and (95% CI), unless stated as %).

<p><i>P</i> for trend was calculated across quartiles of formula/cows' milk intake.</p

Pearson correlation coefficients of the insulin-like growth factor system in Boyd Orr and CaPS.

<p>The IGFs and insulin were standardized by: age, sex (Boyd Orr), sample storage time and lab technician (CaPS).</p><p>*IGFBP-2 and insulin were natural log transformed before standardization, due to skewed distributions; IGFBP-2 is only available in Boyd Orr.</p

Associations of age- and sex-standardized IGF z-scores and percentage change in time to complete the get-up and go test from linear regression models.

<p>*IGFBP-2 and insulin were natural log transformed before standardizing due to skewed distributions.</p>†<p>Sample sizes are based on complete-case analyses for all confounders: Boyd Orr IGFs n = 393, insulin n = 359; CaPS IGFs n = 722, insulin n = 950.</p>‡<p>Data were combined if there was no evidence the association differed between the cohorts.</p>§<p>The natural log transformation was used on the get-up and go test. Coefficients are interpreted as % change in time per SD change in IGF; a positive % change indicates a slower walk time; a negative % change indicates a faster walk time.</p>¶<p>Minimal adjusted models control for age at performance test and sex (Boyd Orr); confounder adjusted models additionally control for research centre, adult social class, diet variables (milk intake, calcium, protein, fat and total energy), exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption; fully adjusted models additionally control for body mass index (BMI) at the time of IGF measurement and co-morbidities at the time of the physical performance tests.</p

Associations of age- and sex-standardized IGF z-scores with the flamingo test from logistic regression models.

<p>*IGFBP-2 and insulin were natural log transformed before standardizing due to skewed distributions.</p>†<p>Sample sizes are based on complete-case analyses for all confounders: Boyd Orr IGFs n = 392, insulin n = 358; CaPS IGFs n = 725, insulin n = 959.</p>‡<p>Data were combined if there was no evidence the association differed between the cohorts.</p>§<p>An odds ratio (OR) >1 indicates a relative increase in odds of poor balance; an odds ratio <1 indicates a relative decrease in odds of poor balance.</p>¶<p>Minimal adjusted models control for age at performance test and sex (Boyd Orr); confounder adjusted models additionally control for research centre, adult social class, diet variables (milk intake, calcium, protein, fat and total energy), exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption; fully adjusted models additionally control for body mass index (BMI) at the time of IGF measurement and co-morbidities at the time of the physical performance tests.</p

Characteristics of study members.

<p>Note: sample sizes vary due to missing data. Blood samples from CaPS phase II for IGFs were only available for 739 (62%) of the 1,195 men who attended the CaPS phase V clinic.</p><p>SD = Standard deviation.</p><p>*Median and quartiles are presented, due to skewed distributions; the mean (SD) for IGFBP-2 was: 484.2 (292.3) ng/ml and for insulin: 10.0 (6.9) mu/l in Boyd Orr; 7.6 (14.8) mu/l in CaPS.</p>†<p>Data are not available to distinguish between the social classes III manual (M) and III non-manual (NM) in Boyd Orr.</p>‡<p>Armed forces, unemployed or unclassifiable.</p>§<p>Milk groups range from lowest to highest intake: none, ½ pint (∼237 g) or less, ½ pint (∼237 g) to one pint (∼473 g), more than one pint (∼473 g).</p