Expected coverage for aneuploid chromosome configurations for minimum number of covering reads ∈ 2, 3

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Aspects of coverage in medical DNA sequencing"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/9/239</p><p>BMC Bioinformatics 2008;9():239-239.</p><p>Published online 16 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2430974.</p><p></p

This is a greatly – magnified view of the top quarter – percent of the ordinate range in Fig

1. Vertical lines demarcate the typical BAC calibration neighborhood of 6 ≤ ≤ 10. The scaling process is demonstrated graphically for diploid sequencing (= 1) based on haploid sequencing at = 8.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Aspects of coverage in medical DNA sequencing"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/9/239</p><p>BMC Bioinformatics 2008;9():239-239.</p><p>Published online 16 May 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2430974.</p><p></p

Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals-6

Ster in zebrafish () and frog (), and beside the separate α-globin and β-globin clusters in chicken (), opossum () and human (from Ensembl []. The pufferfish () flanking loci shown here were adapted from Gillemans et al. []. For the platypus, the α-globin flanking loci were characterised in this study, and genes surrounding the platypus β-globin cluster were discovered: however, the BAC clone (484F22) was too small to cover the region containing the loci , and . In was found on another scaffold (466 from Ensembl) but sequence analyses by Fuchs et al. [] suggested that resides 3' to the frog α-β-cluster. The flanking loci as well as the α- and β-globin clusters are differentiated by colour.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/34</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():34-34.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529266.</p><p></p

Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals-2

B10 []. The tree is rooted using pufferfish β-globin. Numbers adjacent to branches represent % bootstrap values (>50%) from MP heuristic analyses of 1000 pseudoreplicates. Accession numbers for sequences are given in the caption of Figure 3.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/34</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():34-34.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529266.</p><p></p

Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals-0

Seen in the amphibian lineage. This region further duplicated and underwent some gene silencing in teleost fish. In an amniote ancestor of reptiles, birds and mammals (>315 MYA), a copy of an ancestral β-globin gene from this region was inserted into a different chromosome within a region replete with multiple copies of genes. The original amniote β-globin gene survives as the ω-globin gene (β1) in the α-globin cluster of marsupials and monotremes, whereas the transposed β-globin gene (β2) duplicated several times to form different clusters in the different lineages. (B) Tandem duplications of the ancestral amniote α-globin gene produced a three-gene (π-α-α) cluster in the avian lineage. In the mammalian lineage, further duplications gave rise to a six-gene (ζ-ζ'-α-α-α-α) cluster with ongoing gene conversion events homogenising the embryonic and adult genes. In monotremes, the ancestral ω (β1) and are retained. After the divergence of monotreme and therian mammals, there was an additional duplication of αto form θ, giving rise to the seven-gene cluster (ζ-ζ'-α-α-α-α-θ) in marsupials and eutherians. Marsupials also retain the ancestral ω but may have lost gene; eutherians retain no identifiable remnant of either gene. Furthermore, the ancestral transposed β2-globin gene duplicated independently in birds and mammals. Before the mammalian radiation, we propose that the ancestral β2 gene duplicated to form a two-gene β-globin cluster (ε-β) as seen in monotremes and marsupials, except that ongoing gene conversion events homogenised platypus ε to group with monotreme β genes. After the divergence of marsupial and eutherian mammals, there were further tandem duplications of these two genes to produce complex β-globin cluster (ε-γ-η-δ-β) in eutherians.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/34</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():34-34.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529266.</p><p></p

Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals-8

Encies in an unlinked analysis using MrBayes (v. 3.1.2). Numbers adjacent to branches refer to % posterior probabilities. GenBank accession numbers for sequences are: Fat-tailed Dunnart () β [], ε [], ω []; Stripe-faced Dunnart () β, ε []; Virginian Opossum () β [], ε []; Brazilian Opossum () β [], ε [], ω []; Tammar Wallaby () β [], ε [], ω []; African clawed frog () larval β [], larval βII []; Western clawed frog () β [], larval ε1 []; Chicken () β (β) [], ε [], γ (β) []; Duck () β [], ε []; Human () β [], γ [], ε []; Mouse () β (β1) [], γ (β h0) [], ε (ε) []; Goat ()(β) [], ε (ε) [], γ []; Rabbit () β, γ, ε []; Echidna (β []; Pufferfish () β []; Zebrafish () ε1 []; Platypus β, ε [], ω [].<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/34</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():34-34.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529266.</p><p></p

Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals-5

D the β-globin cluster on chromosome 2q5.1 (red). The chromosomes are counterstained with DAPI (blue).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/34</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():34-34.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529266.</p><p></p

Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals-3

Tantly related globin gene, (green), which are flanked by --on the 5' end and ---on the 3' end (black). The platypus β-globin cluster contains only two genes, ε and β (blue), which are flanked on both sides by genes (black). (B) Relative positions of the putative transcription factor binding sites in the 200 bp promoter region located upstream of the predicted platypus, marsupial (ζ and ψζ', and α, ψα, α, α, ω, ε and β) and human α- and β-like globin genes. For the platypus no data was available from other species, including , for comparisons.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/34</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():34-34.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529266.</p><p></p

Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals-7

Encies in an unlinked analysis using MrBayes (v. 3.1.2). Numbers adjacent to branches refer to % posterior probabilities. GenBank accession numbers for sequences are: Virginian Opossum () ζ, ζ, α, α, θ [, ]; Stripe-faced Dunnart () α, α, θ []; Brazilian Opossum () α [TI# 453585430]; Tammar wallaby () θ [], α []; ζ [], ζ' []; Horse () θ (ψ α) [], α[], ζ []; pig () α[]; cat () α[]; cow () α[]; Goat () α []; Human () α1 [], θ [], ζ []; /αchain []; Mouse () α[], ζ []; Rabbit ()α []; Eastern Quoll () α []; Chicken (α, π, α[]; Duck () α[]; Pigeon () α[]; Turtle () α[SEG# ]; Zebrafish () α[]; Salamander () larval α []; Salamander () α [13365]; Frog () α [], larval (tadpole) α T5 []; Yellowtail () α[]; Salmon () α []; Southern Puffer () α[]; Platypus () ζ, ζ', α, α, α, α[].<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/34</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():34-34.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529266.</p><p></p

Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals-1

Seen in the amphibian lineage. This region further duplicated and underwent some gene silencing in teleost fish. In an amniote ancestor of reptiles, birds and mammals (>315 MYA), a copy of an ancestral β-globin gene from this region was inserted into a different chromosome within a region replete with multiple copies of genes. The original amniote β-globin gene survives as the ω-globin gene (β1) in the α-globin cluster of marsupials and monotremes, whereas the transposed β-globin gene (β2) duplicated several times to form different clusters in the different lineages. (B) Tandem duplications of the ancestral amniote α-globin gene produced a three-gene (π-α-α) cluster in the avian lineage. In the mammalian lineage, further duplications gave rise to a six-gene (ζ-ζ'-α-α-α-α) cluster with ongoing gene conversion events homogenising the embryonic and adult genes. In monotremes, the ancestral ω (β1) and are retained. After the divergence of monotreme and therian mammals, there was an additional duplication of αto form θ, giving rise to the seven-gene cluster (ζ-ζ'-α-α-α-α-θ) in marsupials and eutherians. Marsupials also retain the ancestral ω but may have lost gene; eutherians retain no identifiable remnant of either gene. Furthermore, the ancestral transposed β2-globin gene duplicated independently in birds and mammals. Before the mammalian radiation, we propose that the ancestral β2 gene duplicated to form a two-gene β-globin cluster (ε-β) as seen in monotremes and marsupials, except that ongoing gene conversion events homogenised platypus ε to group with monotreme β genes. After the divergence of marsupial and eutherian mammals, there were further tandem duplications of these two genes to produce complex β-globin cluster (ε-γ-η-δ-β) in eutherians.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Platypus globin genes and flanking loci suggest a new insertional model for beta-globin evolution in birds and mammals"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/6/34</p><p>BMC Biology 2008;6():34-34.</p><p>Published online 25 Jul 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529266.</p><p></p