Triphenylmethyl - Molecule of the Month June 1997 [Archived version]

This is the Molecule of the Month entry for June 1997 about triphenylmethyl. It is a pdf archive version of the HTML webpage

The incidence of SDE probesets by tissue.

<p>Tissues are ranked according to the total number of SDE probesets they express.</p><p>*Six probesets corresponding to <i>Eif2s3y</i> and <i>Xist</i> are excluded.</p><p>There were no SDE probesets (other than the six excluded) in the following tissues: Thyroid, Gastrocnemius, Stomach, Heart, Soleus, Mandibular lymph node, Mesenteric lymph node, lung, Spleen, Thymus, Bone marrow, Brain.</p><p>The incidence of SDE probesets by tissue.</p

The Incidence of Sexually Dimorphic Gene Expression Varies Greatly between Tissues in the Rat

<div><p>The sexually dimorphic expression of genes across 26 somatic rat tissues was using Affymetrix RAE-230 genechips. We considered probesets to be sexually dimorphically expressed (SDE) if they were measurably expressed above background in at least one sex, there was at least a two-fold difference in expression (dimorphism) between the sexes, and the differences were statistically significant after correcting for false discovery. 14.5% of expressed probesets were SDE in at least one tissue, with higher expression nearly twice as prevalent in males compared to females. Most were SDE in a single tissue. Surprisingly, nearly half of the probesets that were (SDE) in multiple tissues were oppositely sex biased in different tissues, and most SDE probesets were also expressed without sex bias in other tissues. Two genes were widely SDE: Xist (female-only) and Eif2s3y (male-only). The frequency of SDE probesets varied widely between tissues, and was highest in the duodenum (6.2%), whilst less than 0.05% in over half of the surveyed tissues. The occurrence of SDE probesets was not strongly correlated between tissues. Within individual tissues, however, relational networks of SDE genes were identified. In the liver, networks relating to differential metabolism between the sexes were seen. The estrogen receptor was implicated in differential gene expression in the duodenum. To conclude, sexually dimorphic gene expression is common, but highly tissue-dependent. Sexually dimorphic gene expression may provide insights into mechanisms underlying phenotypic sex differences. Online data are provided as a resource for further analyses (GEO reference GSE63362).</p></div

Evidence that SDE probesets in the duodenum are genuine.

<p>A) Hierarchical clustering shows that SDE probesets in the duodenum are consistently biased in individual animals according to sex, such that same-sex samples cluster, and the two sexes segregate. B) Probesets identified as SDE in the duodenum have a similar sex bias in the adjacent jejunum, even though the majority fail to pass the criteria for sexually dimorphic expression in the jejunum. C) They also show the same bias, albeit weaker, in the ileum, a nonadjacent section of the small intestine. D) By contrast, they show no correlated sex bias in the kidney.</p

A network based on SDE probesets in the duodenum that is associated with the term ‘Lipid Metabolism, Small Molecule Biochemistry, Embryonic development, extended to show probesets associated with the ER.

<p>A network based on SDE probesets in the duodenum that is associated with the term ‘Lipid Metabolism, Small Molecule Biochemistry, Embryonic development, extended to show probesets associated with the ER.</p

Ingenuity Pathway Analysis network based on SDE probesets in the liver.

<p>Numbers below each gene symbol indicate the mean log₂–fold difference between male and female samples. Genes preferentially expressed in males are red, and in females green.</p

Mean Average (MA) plots for selected somatic rat tissues.

<p>The log₂ of the M:F expression ratio is plotted against the log₂ of the mean average (both sexes) expression level. Probesets meeting the criteria for sexually dimorphic expression in the specific tissue are coloured red, the remainder grey. Probesets that are SDE in more than 10 tissues (the six probesets representing Eif2s3y and Xist) are represented by larger markers. The male and female expression levels of these probesets are well conserved across tissues, even though differences between the sexes are not always statistically significant, for example in the heart.</p

The distribution of SDE probesets across rat tissues.

∧∧<p>probesets expressed with sex bias in one or more tissues may be expressed without bias in others.</p><p>The distribution of SDE probesets across rat tissues.</p

Expression of Pmepa (probeset 1389809_at) in male and female tissues.

<p>In starred (**) tissues, the criteria for sexually dimorphic probeset expression are met. A minimum expression value of 6.65 is required for a probeset to be considered as expressed.</p

Additional file 1: of Understanding preferences for type 2 diabetes mellitus self-management support through a patient-centered approach: a 2-phase mixed-methods study

Qualitative interview process. Full description of the qualitative interview process, including the semi-structured interview guide, is provided in Additional file 1. (PDF 337 KB