THE APPLICATION OF AN INDEX TO DETERMINE GENETIC AND ENVIRONHENTAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO DENTOFACIAL GROWTH IN TWINS AND SIBLINGS

The method of principal components may be used to reduce a large quantity of data for an individual into a single statistic, a growth index, indicative of overall facial growth, and to make a determination of the relative contribution of each variable, as well as the genotype and the environment, to the variation between individuals, When this method is applied to four consecutive years of cephalometric and anthropometric data from each of 95 children, consisting of Caucasian and Negro monozygotic twins, like-sexed dizygotic twins, and their siblings of both sexes, it discloses that: 1. The relative contributions of the variables studied to the variation among individuals are as follows: facial depth variables \u3e facial height variables \u3e facial width variables. 2. No differences in growth rates, as represented by the growth index, are apparent between males and females entering the study during the same age interval, between members of the same sex entering the study during two age intervals, between sexes including all age intervals, and between races. Failure of the investigation to disclose any such differences may result from the design of the experiments. 3. A very highly significant environmental component of variability for the growth index is found in the population studied, which suggests the need for further studies of specific environmental agents affecting the growth rates of the variables involved. 4. A very highly significant genetic component of variability for the growth index also is found, however, the complicated polygenic nature of facial inheritance renders analysis of the specific genetic factors involved quite difficult, because of the present limited knowledge of the inheritance of quantitative traits. 5. A very highly significant extrafamilial (genetic and environmental) component of variability for the growth index also is found. 6. The sources of variability for the growth index for twins, have the following relative magnitudes: extra-familial \u3e genetic \u3e environmental \u3e error. For siblings the relative magnitudes of the sources of variability are: extrafamilial \u3e environmental\u3e genetic \u3e error. Thus, as expected, environmental factors are relatively more important between siblings than between twins

Kummer Theory for Drinfeld Modules

Let {\phi} be a Drinfeld A-module of characteristic p0 over a finitely generated field K. Previous articles determined the image of the absolute Galois group of K up to commensurability in its action on all prime-to-p0 torsion points of {\phi}, or equivalently, on the prime-to-p0 adelic Tate module of {\phi}. In this article we consider in addition a finitely generated torsion free A-submodule M of K for the action of A through {\phi}. We determine the image of the absolute Galois group of K up to commensurability in its action on the prime-to-p0 division hull of M, or equivalently, on the extended prime-to-p0 adelic Tate module associated to {\phi} and M

Clifford Odets and the movies

This essay contends that Clifford Odets’s film-related work carried out in many trips to Hollywood is important for a complete understanding of his career. The essay offers a new perspective on Odets, who has conventionally been seen as an artist of great promise and social commitment who was corrupted by the money on offer from the film industry and spoiled as a writer by the seemingly easy formulae of the Hollywood movies he had to write. The essay traces Odets’s indebtedness to Hollywood film form through an analysis of Golden Boy (1937), and offers thus a way of understanding Odets’s claims about the movies as a “folk theatre”. Odets is seen as a conflicted artist, torn between a sense of responsibility to society and a need to be responsible to himself, and the essay offers a way of understanding Odets’s final, seeming failure as an artist as an expression less of the destructive power of Hollywood and more as an expression of artistic frustration.Este ensayo argumenta que el trabajo relacionado con el cine que Clifford Odets llevó a cabo en muchos viajes a Hollywood es importante para una comprensión completa de su carrera. El ensayo ofrece una nueva perspectiva sobre Odets, a quien se ha visto convencionalmente como un artista muy prometedor y de gran compromiso social, que fue corrompido por el dinero que ofrecía la industria del cine y arruinado como escritor por las fórmulas aparentemente fáciles de las películas de Hollywood que tuvo que escribir. El ensayo traza la deuda de Odets con el formato del cine de Hollywood mediante un análisis de “Golden Boy” (1937), y de este modo ofrece una manera de comprender las afirmaciones de Odets con respecto al cine como “teatro popular.” Se concibe a Odets como un artista en conflicto, desgarrado entre su sentido de responsabilidad social y su necesidad de ser responsable frente a sí mismo, y el ensayo ofrece un modo de comprender el aparente fracaso final de Odets como artista como una manifestación no tanto del poder destructivo de Hollywood como de una expresión de frustración artística

Interaction of Detergents and Disinfectants upon Surface Adhered Populations of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of PhilosophyThe primary aim of this investigation was to identify and assess the interactions (synergies and antagonisms) that exist between 20 minute detergent and 5 minute disinfectant treatments upon three factory isolated strains of surface adhered (1-hour attached) and surface adapted (24-hour biofilm) populations of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, plus a comparison with vero-toxin producing strains of E. coli, when used as part of a cleaning and disinfection regime. The detergents chosen for assessment were two non-ionic (91/4 - Alcohol Ethoxylate and KCL5 - Polyethoxylated Alcohol), two anionic (LX28 - Sodium Lauryl Sulphate and Nec28 - Sodium Laurylether Sulphate) and two novel bismuth thiols (BisEDT - 1:1 Bismuth nitrate 1,2-ethanedithiol and BisTOL - 2:1 Bismuth nitrate 3,4-dimercaptotoluene), developed at Winthrop University Hospital, New York. The disinfectants chosen for assessment were a quaternary ammonium compound (BAC - Benzyl alkonium Chloride) and a chlorine releasing agent (NaDCC - Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate). The investigation showed that there were no specific cleaning and disinfection regimes that will adequately target both E. coli and L. monocytogenes strains. It was also concluded that to maximise the removal and disinfection of persistent strains of a given microorganism, it may be necessary to design a regime to specifically target not just the species, but the strain involved and where possible requires mechanical cleaning. The novel bismuth thiols were seen to be promising detergents to aid in the removal of E. coli strains and warrant further attention for future studies. Finally, an investigation to identify possible mechanisms of resistance to disinfectant treatments following detergent treatment, showed that different detergents can induce expression of the stress response proteins, HSP60 and HSP70, at differing levels of expression after the same contact time and against different states of adherent populations, i.e. 1-hour attached or 24-hour biofilm populations

A Leader, a Follower, and Some Humor Walk into a Meta-Analysis: A Review of Positive and Negative Leader Humor

Although leader humor is a growing research topic, there are still unaddressed issues surrounding this topic. In particular, there is disagreement surrounding the conceptualizations of positive and negative leader humor, conflicting theoretical predictions and empirical findings on the effects of leader humor, a dearth of research on the antecedents and correlates of leader humor, as well as a lack of research on the boundary conditions of these relationships. This qualitative and quantitative review of the nomological networks of positive and negative leader humor addressed these issues based on a meta-analysis of 67 empirical studies (N = 21,121). Results indicate that positive and negative leader humor are better conceptualized as separate constructs rather than opposites on a spectrum. Additionally, follower trait positive affect is significantly related to positive leader humor but not negative leader humor. Demographic correlates have small or nonsignificant relationships with leader humor, while leadership style correlates (i.e., transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership), as well as positive and negative follower humor have stronger relationships. Regarding outcomes, positive leader humor has desirable outcomes (e.g., follower organizational citizenship behaviors), but it increases follower counterproductive work behaviors, whereas negative leader humor only has undesirable outcomes. The response format of leader humor measures and the publication status of empirical studies did moderate some of the relationships between leader humor and other variables. Practitioners should discourage negative humor and encourage positive leader humor while being cautious about increasing follower counterproductive work behaviors. Future researchers should consider utilizing longitudinal and experimental designs to better test the causal directions of the hypothesized relationships examined in this meta-analysis

Causes of adult deaths in developing countries : a review of data and methods

Relatively little attention has been paid to the problem of premature adult mortality in developing countries, despite high levels of mortality in many countries - and despite the potentially severe social and economic consequences of adult deaths. Circulatory diseases and external causes appear to be major causes of adult deathsin most countries. The relative contribution of other important causes - including tuberculosis, cancer, liver disease, respiratory disease, and maternity related complications varies between countries. Techniques for determining cause specific adult mortality require thorough field testing and validation. The authors discuss several possible approaches, and categorize selected major causes of death according to whether they are likely to be diagnosed or excluded, on the basis of symptoms reported by relatives. They consider methods for classifying and presenting data on cause of death and conclude with recommendations for further methodological research.Demographics,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Health Systems Development&Reform,Health Indicators,Statistical&Mathematical Sciences

Towards a Formal Theory of Humor in Organizations

Current theories and models of humor conceptualize humor at the individual, dyadic, and organizational level. These theories laid the foundation for research and empirical findings that have established humor’s impact in the workplace. Yet, because these theories are not integrated, they individually do not offer a comprehensive view of humor in the workplace across different levels, hindering the development of multilevel research designs. Additionally, the ambiguity of these narrative theories hampers empirical testing precision. This dissertation expands the literature by introducing a mathematical, multilevel model of humor and tests that theory using computational simulation methods. Synthetic environments reproduced observed correlations in the humor literature, showing generative sufficiency. Further, virtual explorations of follower impression management towards leader humor revealed that impression management tactics greatly impacted leader learning of follower humor preferences. Investigations into newcomer socialization in established humor climates showed that newcomer goals influenced group acceptance. Impacts of this dissertation include adding multilevel theory to the literature, making theory more communicable via mathematics, the novel explanation of the process of choosing to share humor, clarity for humor terms, and sharable computational modeling that offers precision for future investigations. Practical applications suggest leaders looking to use humor should build trusting relationships and that organizations hoping to dismantle hateful humor climates (e.g., racist or misogynistic joking) need to engage in active discourse. Together, the presented formal model of humor and computational simulation of that model propel the workplace humor literature forward

Consequences for lotic ecosystems of invasion by signal crayfish

PhDNon-native invasive species are major drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystemlevel modification. The signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a highly successful invasive species and demonstrates traits often seen in keystone species, including top-down predatory effects, a high degree of omnivory, and an ability to physically modify its habitat. From field surveys, and in situ and artificial channel experiments, I show that signal crayfish have direct and indirect impacts on the benthos, as well as ecosystem process rates, in lowland, chalk stream ecosystems. Furthermore, I show that these effects are often dependent on crayfish life stage. I demonstrate that two native fish species (chub, Leuciscus cephalus and bullhead, Cottus gobio) may be affected positively, as well as negatively, by signal crayfish invasion. In addition, population genetics reveals overall high levels of genetic diversity in populations of signal crayfish in the UK.Funding awarded by Queen Mary University of London Environment Agenc

My view on change in architectural education

Architectural education should be a scholarly adventure exploring the artof proportion and order coupled with an administration that supports an enriched ecology of the human spirit.In order to accomplish desired change, there needs to be a continualpursuit by a vibrant, enjoyable learning community rallying to a core belief. This core belief must contain a common value such as that eachof us can make a difference. By teaching values, skills, and practices that underlie such a notion as making a difference, architecture learningenvironments are created that resonate. .