A method for increasing the iodine value of the saturated fatty acids

The work covered by this thesis was undertaken with the idea of finding a method whereby unsaturated oils, of the drying type (those having iodine values of one hundred fifty or above), could be made from the saturated fatty acids. After an exhaustive search of the literature no evidence was found that this means of producing the unsaturated acids had ever been developed. Work has been done on the chlorination products of the fatty acids, the processes being covered by patents. No evidence however was given as to the possible structure of these compounds --Introduction, page 1

DNA amplification in mammalian cells

DNA amplification has been observed in mammalian cells derived from tumours and also in tissue culture cells. The initial amplification event is thought to be random and In some cases the amplified DNA contains a gene whose consequent over-expression can confer a growth advantage or reduced sensitivity to a cytotoxic compound. In tissue culture systems, specific drugs can be used to isolate cells which have previously amplified a specific gene. The mechanisms responsible for these DNA abnormalities have been difficult to study as the initial events are rare and the amplification products could previously only be visualised many cell generations after their formation. During this time secondary mechanisms may alter the structure and appearance of the amplified arrays making an evolutionary interpretation of the amplification difficult. Until recently, only indirect methods were available to study the structure of amplified arrays but advances in fluorescent in situ hybridisation of metaphase chromosomes have allowed direct visualisation of very early gene amplification events. Part of this thesis describes an attempt to construct a model cell line in which a single predetermined locus could be amplified simultaneously throughout a cell population in a controlled manner. Cosmids covering the monkey CAD locus were available and one was used to construct a homologous replacement fragment containing an SV40 replication origin and a dominant selectable marker. The fragment was transfected into ts-COS cells and if a cell line could have been isolated in which the fragment had integrated by homologous recombination, it may have been possible to over-replicate the locus by a shift to the permissive temperature to mimic the 'onionskin' model of gene amplification. Other chapters of this thesis are concerned with the evolution and stability of amplified DNA and also the analysis of amplified DNA by in situ hybridisation on human metaphase chromosomes. Amplified DNA is lost very rapidly from PALA- resistant mutants selected in a single selection step but in mutants selected in several steps of increasing drug concentration the amplified genes are lost more slowly, if at all. PALA resistance in human cells has not been extensively investigated and, following recent advances in the understanding of early events in gene amplification provided by in situ hybridisation analysis of PALA-resistant BHK ceils, a human system would provide a more accessible genome for further experiments

The genesis of an Adult Education programme in science

Science and technology are now part of our everyday lives, and their impact will undoubtedly continue to grow in ever more sophisticated and subtle ways. Inevitably, this will lead to debates and controversy about the ethics and risks that science brings with it; debates in which the general public should be fully engaged. But many adults inevitably feel alienated from any involvement in such a debate because of their lack of scientific knowledge. There is a very urgent need to engage not only young people but also more mature adults in scientific discussion at levels that are both meaningful and serious. In Newcastle we are developing an adult science education programme which brings together local adult education providers, universities and industry to supply a cohesive series of short events which not only allow adults to learn and engage with contemporary science (and how it impacts on their everyday lives), but also offers the opportunity to progress to more advanced courses leading to formal qualifications. In this article we outline the development of this programme which was greatly assisted by the appointment of an ‘Adult Education Fellow’ (funded by The Higher Education Academy Physical Science Centre). Over the course of one year the Fellow established the consortium, identified what the detailed demand was, prepared the course and raised funds ready for its start in 2006

1993 Accounting Hall of Fame induction : Richard T. Baker Accounting Hall of Fame membership [1993]

1993 Accounting Hall of Fame Induction: Richard T. Baker with introduction by Ray J. Groves (Chairman, Ernst & Young); Induction citation by Thomas J. Burns (Deloitte and Touche Professor, The Ohio State University); Response by Richard T. Baker (Chairman Emeritus, Ernst & Whinney

The most ancient spiral galaxy: a 2.6-Gyr-old disk with a tranquil velocity field

We report an integral-field spectroscopic (IFS) observation of a gravitationally lensed spiral galaxy A1689B11 at redshift $z=2.54$. It is the most ancient spiral galaxy discovered to date and the second kinematically confirmed spiral at $z\gtrsim2$. Thanks to gravitational lensing, this is also by far the deepest IFS observation with the highest spatial resolution ($\sim$ 400 pc) on a spiral galaxy at a cosmic time when the Hubble sequence is about to emerge. After correcting for a lensing magnification of 7.2 $\pm$ 0.8, this primitive spiral disk has an intrinsic star formation rate of 22 $\pm$ 2 $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, a stellar mass of 10$^{9.8 \pm 0.3}$$M_{\odot}$ and a half-light radius of $r_{1/2}=2.6 \pm 0.7$ kpc, typical of a main-sequence star-forming (SF) galaxy at $z\sim2$. However, the H\alpha\ kinematics show a surprisingly tranquil velocity field with an ordered rotation ($V_{\rm c}$ = 200 $\pm$ 12 km/s) and uniformly small velocity dispersions ($V_{\rm \sigma, mean}$ = 23 $\pm$ 4 km/s and $V_{\rm \sigma, outer-disk}$ = 15 $\pm$ 2 km/s). The low gas velocity dispersion is similar to local spiral galaxies and is consistent with the classic density wave theory where spiral arms form in dynamically cold and thin disks. We speculate that A1689B11 belongs to a population of rare spiral galaxies at $z\gtrsim2$ that mark the formation epoch of thin disks. Future observations with JWST will greatly increase the sample of these rare galaxies and unveil the earliest onset of spiral arms.Comment: 18 pages, 13 figures, 1 table; accepted for publication in Ap

Pathways Forward for Indigenous Language Reclamation: Engaging Indigenous Epistemology and Learning by Observing and Pitching in to Family and Community Endeavors

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155958/1/modl12652.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/155958/2/modl12652_am.pd

Counter-Regulation of Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in Murine Keratinocytes

Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is a potent proinflammatory cytokine constitutively expressed by keratinocytes, which also synthesize a specific inhibitor of IL-1 activity, intracellular IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Although homeostatic regulation of the IL-1 system in keratinocytes has long been suspected, there is currently little evidence for this. To explore this issue, the PAM212 murine keratinocyte cell line was exposed to increasing concentrations of either IL-1α or IL-1ra and the opposing ligand was assessed by ELISA. Release of IL-1ra was induced following stimulation by murine IL-1α in a concentration-dependent manner and, conversely, IL-1ra stimulation increased IL-1α release. To determine whether a similar homeostatic circuit operates in vivo, epidermis from transgenic mice in which overexpression of IL-1α or IL-1ra was targeted to keratinocytes was analyzed. Epidermal sheets derived from IL-1α transgenic mice released eight times more IL-1ra than those from wild-type mice following ex vivo culture and similarly, IL-1α release was increased 3–4-fold in epidermal sheets derived from IL-1ra transgenic epidermis, Use of specific neutralizing antibodies against type I and type II IL-1 receptors indicated that the counter-regulation mechanism is mediated extracellularly through the type I IL-1 receptor alone. Taken together, these observations provide the first demonstration of mutual counter-regulation of IL-1 receptor ligands in keratinocytes

Identification of host transcriptional networks showing concentration-dependent regulation by HPV16 E6 and E7 proteins in basal cervical squamous epithelial cells.

Development of cervical squamous cell carcinoma requires increased expression of the major high-risk human-papillomavirus (HPV) oncogenes E6 and E7 in basal cervical epithelial cells. We used a systems biology approach to identify host transcriptional networks in such cells and study the concentration-dependent changes produced by HPV16-E6 and -E7 oncoproteins. We investigated sample sets derived from the W12 model of cervical neoplastic progression, for which high quality phenotype/genotype data were available. We defined a gene co-expression matrix containing a small number of highly-connected hub nodes that controlled large numbers of downstream genes (regulons), indicating the scale-free nature of host gene co-expression in W12. We identified a small number of 'master regulators' for which downstream effector genes were significantly associated with protein levels of HPV16 E6 (n = 7) or HPV16 E7 (n = 5). We validated our data by depleting E6/E7 in relevant cells and by functional analysis of selected genes in vitro. We conclude that the network of transcriptional interactions in HPV16-infected basal-type cervical epithelium is regulated in a concentration-dependent manner by E6/E7, via a limited number of central master-regulators. These effects are likely to be significant in cervical carcinogenesis, where there is competitive selection of cells with elevated expression of virus oncoproteins.Cancer Research UK (Programme Grant A13080)This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Nature Publishing Group via http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep2983