Nucleotide polymorphism and diversity among <i>Bartonella</i> strains from Thai bats.

<p>Nucleotide polymorphism and diversity among <i>Bartonella</i> strains from Thai bats.</p

Allelic profiles and sequence types (ST) of 30 <i>Bartonella</i> isolates from Thai bats.

<p>Allelic profiles and sequence types (ST) of 30 <i>Bartonella</i> isolates from Thai bats.</p

Recruitment areas for survey participation in Thailand.

<p>Recruitment areas for survey participation in Thailand.</p

Phylogenetic relationships among <i>Bartonella</i> genogroups from Thai bats, other strains from bats, and named <i>Bartonella</i> species assessed by multiple loci.

<p>The Bayesian tree was inferred in BEAST by partitioned analysis of five loci (<i>ftsZ</i>, <i>gltA</i>, <i>nuoG</i>, <i>rpoB</i>, and ITS) using unlinked GTR+Γ+I substitution models for each locus and a linked birth-death speciation model with incomplete sampling. Sequences were assembled from named <i>Bartonella</i> species, <i>Bartonella</i> strains from bats (those characterized by at least two loci), and 30 isolates from Thai bats. Branch lengths are in substitutions per site and posterior probabilities of nodes are indicated by the size and color of circles at each node. Tip labels for <i>Bartonella</i> strains from Thai bats are colored red and distinct genogroups are marked to the right of the tree. <i>Bartonella</i> strains from bats are labeled with the host species and country of origin.</p

Responses (%) to rabies-related knowledge questions, by bat-associated activity.

<p>Responses (%) to rabies-related knowledge questions, by bat-associated activity.</p

Diversity and phylogenetic relationships among <i>Bartonella</i> strains from Thai bats

<div><p>Bartonellae are phylogenetically diverse, intracellular bacteria commonly found in mammals. Previous studies have demonstrated that bats have a high prevalence and diversity of <i>Bartonella</i> infections globally. Isolates (n = 42) were obtained from five bat species in four provinces of Thailand and analyzed using sequences of the citrate synthase gene (<i>gltA</i>). Sequences clustered into seven distinct genogroups; four of these genogroups displayed similarity with <i>Bartonella</i> spp. sequences from other bats in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Eastern Europe. Thirty of the isolates representing these seven genogroups were further characterized by sequencing four additional loci (<i>ftsZ</i>, <i>nuoG</i>, <i>rpoB</i>, and ITS) to clarify their evolutionary relationships with other <i>Bartonella</i> species and to assess patterns of diversity among strains. Among the seven genogroups, there were differences in the number of sequence variants, ranging from 1–5, and the amount of nucleotide divergence, ranging from 0.035–3.9%. Overall, these seven genogroups meet the criteria for distinction as novel <i>Bartonella</i> species, with sequence divergence among genogroups ranging from 6.4–15.8%. Evidence of intra- and intercontinental phylogenetic relationships and instances of homologous recombination among <i>Bartonella</i> genogroups in related bat species were found in Thai bats.</p></div

Percentage of participants advocating specific actions in response to bat or rabid animal exposure.

a<p>Comparing the proportion of participants who advocated a given action for a bat exposure with the proportion who advocated the same action for an exposure to a potential rabid animal.</p>b<p>Includes cleaning the wound with water, soap, and/or a common antiseptic agent (e.g. betadine).</p>c<p>Includes prayer or visiting a traditional healer.</p>d<p>Includes bleeding the wound, bandaging, or using topical home remedies (e.g. local herbs).</p

Bat-associated exposure histories reported by participants.

<p>Bat-associated exposure histories reported by participants.</p

Factors independently associated with a bat bite or scratch history based on multivariable analysis.

a<p>OR (95% CI) = Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval).</p>b<p>aOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio.</p

Confirmed and probable animal rabies cases by month of diagnosis, Haiti October 2009 –December 2014.

<p>Confirmed and probable animal rabies cases by month of diagnosis, Haiti October 2009 –December 2014.</p