The number of aggressive interactions recorded within and between species pooled for urban remnants and continuous forest.

<p>The number of aggressive interactions recorded within and between species pooled for urban remnants and continuous forest.</p

Index of visitation for the rainbow lorikeet, sulphur-crested cockatoo, Other Parrots and Other Fauna at hollows in urban remnants (closed bars) and hollows in continuous forest (open bars).

<p>Index of visitation was calculated by dividing the number of independent visits (one visit per species per day) by the number of days the camera was recording.</p

Map of Sydney, Australia showing a) Sydney region with the surrounding continuous forest National Parks to the north (Kur-ring-gai Chase National Park), south (Royal National Park) and west (Blue Mountains National Park).

<p>b) Camera locations within southern continuous forest. c) Camera locations in northern continuous forest. d) Camera locations in the northern half of Sydney. e) Camera locations in the southern half of Sydney. All images modified from Google Earth.</p

The number of independent visitations of taxa recorded at hollows in both remnants and continuous forest and whether or not they are known to use hollows.

<p>The number of independent visitations of taxa recorded at hollows in both remnants and continuous forest and whether or not they are known to use hollows.</p

Characteristics of monitored hollows and trees that contained the hollow.

<p>Characteristics of monitored hollows and trees that contained the hollow.</p

Number of aggressive interactions observed at hollows in both urban remnants and continuous forest for the a) rainbow lorikeet and the b) sulphur-crested cockatoo separated into attacks and defences.

<p>Closed bars denote successful interactions. Open bars denote unsuccessful interactions.</p

Mean (±SE) consumption rates of natural food items by ibis in four parks in the Sydney central business district.

<p>Each park was surveyed on 10 ‘dry’ (no rain) and 10 ‘wet’ (during rainfall) days.</p

Rain drives foraging decisions of an urban exploiter - Fig 4

<p>Mean (±SE) abundance of earthworms within a 1-m² quadrat at four Sydney parks measured on three ‘dry’ (no rain) and three ‘wet’ (during rainfall) days at each site: (a) worm abundance in different weather conditions; (b) worm abundance in different sites. Tukey’s HSD significance indicated by letters above each site; sites not sharing the same letter are significantly different.</p

Relative availability of anthropogenic food within four parks in Sydney.

<p>Three variables were measured: the density of bins; the number of occasions in which people were observed to deliberately feed ibis (‘dumpers’); and the number of people consuming lunch within the park (‘lunchers’, n = 4).</p

Mean (±SE) ibis density in four parks in the Sydney central business district.

<p>Each park was surveyed on 10 ‘dry’ (no rain) and 10 ‘wet’ (during rainfall) days. Density measures were calculated using the maximum observable area of each site and expressed as the number of birds per hectare. *denotes significance at p < 0.05.</p