The Pollyanna Hypothesis in Business Writing: Initial Results, Suggestions for Research

This paper looks at three hypotheses: that regardless of the financially good or bad years of a corporation, the communication in the annual let ters to the stockholders will be predominantly positive; that negative words are less frequent in a financially good year than a bad year; and that German readers also tend to accept the same preferred, positive words as Americans. All hypotheses were sustained after viewing 12 annual letters to stockholders in 1975 and 12 letters in 1977. The Pollyanna Hypothesis provides a fertile area for further research: into business letters, business speeches, or other areas which fall into the genre of written or oral business communication.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68397/2/10.1177_002194368101800102.pd

Evolutionary Constraints on Population Structure: The Parasites of \u3ci\u3eFundulus zebrinus\u3c/i\u3e (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska

Population and community descriptor values (parasites per host, prevalence per parasite species, variance/mean ratios, species density, and diversity indices) for the 7-species parasite community of 61 relatively homogeneous samples of Fundulus zebrinus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska, U.S.A., taken over a 14-yr period, are reported. South Platte River streamflow fluctuates over two orders of magnitude on several time scales-monthly, annually, and over multiple year wet-dry cycles. Relatively homogeneous sampling of a single host species with several parasite species provided a system that allowed assessment of the contribution of evolved parasite life cycles to population structure in an everchanging environment. No significant negative species-to-species associations were observed. Species abundance, order of abundance, and diversity were affected most strongly by streamflow, with high water reducing prevalence and abundance of larval trematode parasites. Each parasite species had its characteristic long- and short-term patterns of variation in population descriptor values, with mostly long- term stability superimposed on sometimes extreme short-term fluctuations of descriptor values. The differences in these characteristic patterns were considered products primarily of the evolved life cycle traits and transmission mechanisms operating in the common fluctuating environment. The parasite community as a whole showed resilience, returning to preperturbation diversity following extended periods of high water

Evolutionary Constraints on Population Structure: The Parasites of \u3ci\u3eFundulus zebrinus\u3c/i\u3e (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska

Population and community descriptor values (parasites per host, prevalence per parasite species, variance/mean ratios, species density, and diversity indices) for the 7-species parasite community of 61 relatively homogeneous samples of Fundulus zebrinus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska, U.S.A., taken over a 14-yr period, are reported. South Platte River streamflow fluctuates over two orders of magnitude on several time scales-monthly, annually, and over multiple year wet-dry cycles. Relatively homogeneous sampling of a single host species with several parasite species provided a system that allowed assessment of the contribution of evolved parasite life cycles to population structure in an everchanging environment. No significant negative species-to-species associations were observed. Species abundance, order of abundance, and diversity were affected most strongly by streamflow, with high water reducing prevalence and abundance of larval trematode parasites. Each parasite species had its characteristic long- and short-term patterns of variation in population descriptor values, with mostly long- term stability superimposed on sometimes extreme short-term fluctuations of descriptor values. The differences in these characteristic patterns were considered products primarily of the evolved life cycle traits and transmission mechanisms operating in the common fluctuating environment. The parasite community as a whole showed resilience, returning to preperturbation diversity following extended periods of high water

Evolutionary Constraints on Population Structure: The Parasites of \u3ci\u3eFundulus zebrinus\u3c/i\u3e (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska

Population and community descriptor values (parasites per host, prevalence per parasite species, variance/mean ratios, species density, and diversity indices) for the 7-species parasite community of 61 relatively homogeneous samples of Fundulus zebrinus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska, U.S.A., taken over a 14-yr period, are reported. South Platte River streamflow fluctuates over two orders of magnitude on several time scales-monthly, annually, and over multiple year wet-dry cycles. Relatively homogeneous sampling of a single host species with several parasite species provided a system that allowed assessment of the contribution of evolved parasite life cycles to population structure in an everchanging environment. No significant negative species-to-species associations were observed. Species abundance, order of abundance, and diversity were affected most strongly by streamflow, with high water reducing prevalence and abundance of larval trematode parasites. Each parasite species had its characteristic long- and short-term patterns of variation in population descriptor values, with mostly long- term stability superimposed on sometimes extreme short-term fluctuations of descriptor values. The differences in these characteristic patterns were considered products primarily of the evolved life cycle traits and transmission mechanisms operating in the common fluctuating environment. The parasite community as a whole showed resilience, returning to preperturbation diversity following extended periods of high water

Evolutionary Constraints on Population Structure: The Parasites of \u3ci\u3eFundulus zebrinus\u3c/i\u3e (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska

Population and community descriptor values (parasites per host, prevalence per parasite species, variance/mean ratios, species density, and diversity indices) for the 7-species parasite community of 61 relatively homogeneous samples of Fundulus zebrinus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska, U.S.A., taken over a 14-yr period, are reported. South Platte River streamflow fluctuates over two orders of magnitude on several time scales-monthly, annually, and over multiple year wet-dry cycles. Relatively homogeneous sampling of a single host species with several parasite species provided a system that allowed assessment of the contribution of evolved parasite life cycles to population structure in an everchanging environment. No significant negative species-to-species associations were observed. Species abundance, order of abundance, and diversity were affected most strongly by streamflow, with high water reducing prevalence and abundance of larval trematode parasites. Each parasite species had its characteristic long- and short-term patterns of variation in population descriptor values, with mostly long- term stability superimposed on sometimes extreme short-term fluctuations of descriptor values. The differences in these characteristic patterns were considered products primarily of the evolved life cycle traits and transmission mechanisms operating in the common fluctuating environment. The parasite community as a whole showed resilience, returning to preperturbation diversity following extended periods of high water

Evolutionary Constraints on Population Structure: The Parasites of \u3ci\u3eFundulus zebrinus\u3c/i\u3e (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska

Population and community descriptor values (parasites per host, prevalence per parasite species, variance/mean ratios, species density, and diversity indices) for the 7-species parasite community of 61 relatively homogeneous samples of Fundulus zebrinus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae) in the South Platte River of Nebraska, U.S.A., taken over a 14-yr period, are reported. South Platte River streamflow fluctuates over two orders of magnitude on several time scales-monthly, annually, and over multiple year wet-dry cycles. Relatively homogeneous sampling of a single host species with several parasite species provided a system that allowed assessment of the contribution of evolved parasite life cycles to population structure in an everchanging environment. No significant negative species-to-species associations were observed. Species abundance, order of abundance, and diversity were affected most strongly by streamflow, with high water reducing prevalence and abundance of larval trematode parasites. Each parasite species had its characteristic long- and short-term patterns of variation in population descriptor values, with mostly long- term stability superimposed on sometimes extreme short-term fluctuations of descriptor values. The differences in these characteristic patterns were considered products primarily of the evolved life cycle traits and transmission mechanisms operating in the common fluctuating environment. The parasite community as a whole showed resilience, returning to preperturbation diversity following extended periods of high water

The Ursinus Weekly, September 17, 1928

Ursinus greets incoming students at banquet held in Freeland Hall • Addition of two new members to faculty greets the students • Barnard-Herr wedding held in Olevian Hall • Over thirty veterans report for early work at the Athletic Club • The college library buys the Oxford dictionary • Faculty engaged in summer education work • Alterations made on hockey field and campus • New course in public speaking now offered • Schell is freshman coach • Notice of A. A. meeting • Biology lab is enlarged • Varsity football schedule • Y.M.-Y.W.C.A. foster the big brother & sister plan • Daily program of the freshman week-end • Carnegie foundation reports its findingshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/2156/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, November 19, 1928

Migration is subject of Dean\u27s address to club • Woodwind quintet to give concert Friday evening • Men\u27s student assembly adopts new constitution • Bears are topped by Garnet foe 13-7 in close Swarthmore game • Coble hurt in Drexel game • Frosh take over strong Wenonah Academy team 7-0 • Boxing and wrestling club holds tournament • Students broadcast from station WIP Wednesday • Dramatic Club selects Schaff anniversary play • Another bequest to Ursinus • Ursinus basketball card announced with 18 games • Professor M. W. Witmer guest at poetry house in NYC • Webster Forensic Society • Woman\u27s Debating Club • Dr. Burk to lecture here • Hockey team wins over Glassboro Normal 3-2 • Thanksgiving dance in gymnasium Saturday evening • Faculty club meetinghttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/2165/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, December 3, 1928

North campus improved by planting of trees • Chapel organ will be repaired during recess • College directors hold the annual fall meeting • Committees chosen for Schaff anniversary play • Ursinus overwhelmed by Schuylkill warriors 54-6 • End of football season finds the bears behind • Hockey team ends season by 7-1 win over Beaver • Women\u27s dormitory committee asks for cooperation • Dr. W. H. Burk lectures about Valley Forge, Monday • College farms choose trade name for cattle • Annual frosh-soph game will be played Tuesday • Haverford institutes an incentive to more study • Webster Forensic Clubhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/2167/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, January 14, 1929

International Relations Club to be organized soon • Dr. Floyd Tomkins speaks to students at Y meeting • Fighting firemen lose to Lehigh and Muhlenberg by close scores • Faculty and alumni attend annual PSEA meeting • Ursinus to debate New York University Friday • Jury system question is debated by men\u27s club • Strong Hill School team defeats yearlings 43-21 • Literary Club adopts constitution and by-laws • Student council dance in gymnasium Saturday • Professor Sheeder addresses high school students • College publishes ode to Veterans of Ursinus • Library is willed clock by J. Maxwell Bernard • Women\u27s dormitory fund campaign progressing • Several changes made in women\u27s Athletic Association constitution • Seniors beat sophomores in close battle 13-10 • Freshman girls defeat sister class team 13-7 • Mr. John Elder, Persian missionary, speaks Friday • Several varsity and frosh games this week • Dr. Carl V. Tower attends philosophical meeting • Bake sale Saturdayhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/2172/thumbnail.jp