12 research outputs found
Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms
<p>Correction: A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms</p
Proposed hierarchical classification from superkingdom to order.
<p>Proposed hierarchical classification from superkingdom to order.</p
List of ranks used in the hierarchy with the number of taxa per rank.
<p>List of ranks used in the hierarchy with the number of taxa per rank.</p
Ground-Dwelling Arthropod Communities of a Sky Island Mountain Range in Southeastern Arizona, USA: Obtaining a Baseline for Assessing the Effects of Climate Change
<div><p>The few studies that have addressed past effects of climate change on species distributions have mostly focused on plants due to the rarity of historical faunal baselines. However, hyperdiverse groups like Arthropoda are vital to monitor in order to understand climate change impacts on biodiversity. This is the first investigation of ground-dwelling arthropod (GDA) assemblages along the full elevation gradient of a mountain range in the Madrean Sky Island Region, establishing a baseline for monitoring future changes in GDA biodiversity. To determine how GDA assemblages relate to elevation, season, abiotic variables, and corresponding biomes, GDA were collected for two weeks in both spring (May) and summer (September) 2011 in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, using pitfall traps at 66 sites in six distinct upland (non-riparian/non-wet canyon) biomes. Four arthropod taxa: (1) beetles (Coleoptera), (2) spiders (Araneae), (3) grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera), and (4) millipedes and centipedes (Myriapoda) were assessed together and separately to determine if there are similar patterns across taxonomic groups. We collected 335 species of GDA: 192/3793 (species/specimens) Coleoptera, 102/1329 Araneae, 25/523 Orthoptera, and 16/697 Myriapoda. GDA assemblages differed among all biomes and between seasons. Fifty-three percent (178 species) and 76% (254 species) of all GDA species were found in only one biome and during only one season, respectively. While composition of arthropod assemblages is tied to biome and season, individual groups do not show fully concordant patterns. Seventeen percent of the GDA species occurred only in the two highest-elevation biomes (Pine and Mixed Conifer Forests). Because these high elevation biomes are most threatened by climate change and they harbor a large percentage of unique arthropod species (11–25% depending on taxon), significant loss in arthropod diversity is likely in the Santa Catalina Mountains and other isolated mountain ranges in the Southwestern US.</p></div
Results from pairwise ANOSIM tests comparing differences in arthropod assemblages among adjacent biomes in each season (spring/May and summer/September).
<p>Ϯ Lowest possible p-value due to limited possible permutations, but not significant following α correction.</p><p>Significant differences following Bonferroni adjustment (α = 0.005) are asterisked.</p
Results for pairwise ANOSIM tests comparing differences in arthropod assemblages between seasons in each biome.
<p><sup>Ϯ</sup> Lowest possible p-value due to limited possible permutations, but not significant following correction.</p><p>Significant differences following Bonferroni adjustment (α = 0.0083) are asterisked.</p
Proportion of species collected that were found only in the two highest elevation biomes.
<p>Pine and Mixed Conifer Forests. Numbers above each bar indicate the total number of species.</p
Results from SIMPER analyses, listing the six most important GDA species according to its contribution to the dissimilarity within each biome during the two collection periods (spring [pre-monsoon], summer [monsoon]).
<p>Capital letters preceding species names indicate to which major arthropod group the species belongs (C-Coleoptera, A- Araneae, O-Orthoptera, M-Myriapoda).</p
Results from SIMPER analyses, listing the six most important species according to its contribution to the dissimilarity between arthropod assemblages in adjacent biomes: DS = Desertscrub, GL = Grassland, CH = Chaparral, and PO = Pine Oak, P = Pine, MC = Mixed Conifer.
<p>Capital letters preceding species names indicate to which major arthropod group the species belongs (C-Coleoptera, A- Araneae, O-Orthoptera, M-Myriapoda).</p
Proportion of species in each taxa found in only one biome.
<p>Proportion of species in each taxa (Coleoptera, Araneae, Orthoptera, and Myriapoda) found in only one biome (presented as a proportion of the total richness).</p