Evangelical Episcopalians and the Church of Jesus in Mexico, 1857–1906

Shortly after the adoption of the 1857 Constitution in Mexico, a small group of Mexican priests left the Roman Catholic Church and attempted to establish a national catholic apostolic church in Mexico. This movement became known as the Church of Jesus. With the help of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States it continued until 1906 when it ceased to be independent and officially became a mission project of the American Episcopal Church. Historians have placed the burden of failure of the Church of Jesus on factors in Mexico and have not taken into account the party strife within the American Episcopal Church. This thesis contends that the failure of the Church of Jesus to achieve independence was due to the loss of Evangelical influence within the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century

Ultrasound imaging of lumbar multifidus immediately following three physical therapy techniques in asymptomatic individuals

Study Design Randomized, blinded, cohort, within subjects design. Background and Objective The effects of different manual therapy (MT) techniques on lumbar multifidus (LM) thickness have been investigated in subjects with low back pain (LBP) but have not been investigated in asymptomatic subjects. The objective of this study was to examine the immediate effects of mobilization and manipulation on contraction thickness of LM in healthy individuals. Methods and Measures Forty-two healthy individuals participated in the study. Ultrasound imaging techniques were used to record LM thickness (L4-5 level) at rest, during an abdominal drawing in maneuver (ADIM), and during a prone upper extremity (PUEL) lifting task. Images were taken before and immediately following one of three randomly assigned MT techniques. Participants returned on two subsequent days to receive the remaining techniques, and data was compared to assess the effects of each technique. Results A statistically significant interaction was found between treatment, contraction state and time for the PUEL task (p=0.019). Post hoc analysis revealed a statistically significant increase in resting muscle thickness following the supine anterior posterior thrust technique (p=0.005). No significant differences in muscle thickness were found with the other two techniques at rest or during the PUEL task (ps ≥ 0.887). This suggests that the supine AP thrust technique causes an increase in resting muscle thickness that does not occur with other MT techniques. For the ADIM data, no interaction among the three variables was found (p= 0.233). This suggests that no MT technique changed resting or contracted muscle thickness when the participants performed the ADIM. Conclusion Taken together, the findings from this study demonstrate that manual therapy had no effect on resting or contracted thickness in asymptomatic individuals. It may be that the changes in muscle thickness reported in the current body of literature are only observed in patients with LBP and may not occur in healthy individuals

Examining the Relationship Between Familiarity and Reliability of Automation in the Cockpit

This study sought to determine the correlation between familiarity and perceptions of reliability, as associated to specific aviation-related automated devices. Participants’ experience levels ranged from non-pilots to novice pilots to certified flight instructors. It was hypothesized that familiarity has a direct correlation with ratings of reliability for various aviation-related automated devices and that the correlation across devices for each participant would be positive. The researchers expected to find a difference in the familiarity-reliability relationship as a function of experience. Findings showed that there was a significant positive correlation between familiarity and reliability for every single automated device. A positive correlation across automated devices for 87% of the participants was also found. Interestingly, the study did not find any relationship between experience and the familiarity-reliability relationship

Moving Toward a Unified Effort to Understand the Nature and Causes of Language Disorders

DOI: 10.1017.S014271640505002

Finiteness Marking in Boys with Fragile X Syndrome

Purpose This study investigated finite marking (e.g., he walks, he walked) in boys with fragile X syndrome; the boys were grouped based on receptive vocabulary (i.e., borderline, or impaired vocabulary). Method Twenty-one boys with the full mutation of fragile X, between the ages of 8 to 16 years participated. The boys completed probes from the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment (Rice & Wexler, 2001), a language sample, a nonverbal IQ test (Leiter-R, Roid & Miller, 1997), a receptive vocabulary test (PPVT-IV Dunn & Dunn, 2007), and a measure of autistic symptoms (CARS; Schopler et al., 2002). Results There were group differences for finiteness responses on the third person singular probe; the group with impaired vocabulary omitted markers with greater frequency compared to borderline vocabulary group. There were not significant differences on the past tense probe, although boys with borderline and impaired vocabulary were delayed relative to language expectations. Nonverbal IQ was not correlated with the measures of finiteness marking. Conclusion Boys with FXS demonstrate delays in finiteness marking, in particular on past tense verbs. Boys with impaired vocabulary show a unique profile unlike children with SLI, in which their use of tense markers may exceed expectations benchmarked to clause length

Acute toxicity and behavioral effects of chlorpyrifos, permethrin, phenol, strychnine, and 2,4-dinitrophenol to 30-day-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Five chemicals with different modes of action were evaluated in laboratory studies to determine their acute toxicity (48-h median lethal concentration [LC50]) and behavioral effects on 30-d-old Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). The order of toxicity for these xenobiotics was permethrin \u3e chlorpyrifos \u3e 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) \u3e strychnine \u3e phenol. The 48-h LC50s were significantly different and ranged from 0.011 to 24.1 mg/L. In addition, chlorpyrifos and permethrin accumulated in the tissues of juvenile O. latipes. Observations of five behavioral/morphological responses, including changes in equilibrium, general activity, startle response, and morphology (e.g., hemorrhage and deformities) were used as indicators of sublethal toxicity. Each chemical, with the exception of 2,4-DNP, elicited a distinct behavior or set of behavioral responses. The behavioral toxicology bioassay may be valuable in comparing and predicting the mode of action of new or unknown toxicants in this species of fish

The Impact of Motivation on Continued VFR into IMC: Another Perspective to an On-Going Problem

Continued flight under visual flight rules into instrument meteorological conditions remains the predominant cause for fatal accidents by percentage for general aviation aircraft operations. There are gaps in the research in determining how motivation might influence the decision-making process. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how motivation and meteorological conditions might affect a pilot’s willingness to persist in flight into meteorological conditions. Four hundred and fifty-four general aviation pilots participated in a mixed factorial experiment to assess their willingness to persist in varying weather conditions. Participants were randomly assigned into one of three motivation groups (intrinsic, extrinsic, or no motivation) and were subjected to all three meteorological conditions (visual, marginal, and instrument) that were randomized in order of appearance. They were then asked to indicate their willingness to persist in each condition via a slider scale, scaled from 0 to 100. The results indicated the main effect of meteorological condition has a significant effect on willingness to persist, while the main effect of motivation did not. The interaction between meteorological condition and motivation resulted in a significant effect, particularly in the marginal meteorological condition