243 research outputs found
The burden of mild asthma: Clinical burden and healthcare resource utilisation in the NOVELTY study
Frequent productive cough: Symptom burden and future exacerbation risk among patients with asthma and/or COPD in the NOVELTY study
Economic impact of a more extensive use of FENO testing on the Italian population with asthma
Bronchial inflammation and bacterial load in stable COPD is associated with TLR4 overexpression
Decreased humoral immune response in the bronchi of rapid decliners with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Bradykinin in asthma: Modulation of airway inflammation and remodelling
Bradykinin, a pro-inflammatory molecule, and its related peptides have been studied for their effects on acute reactions in upper and lower airways, where they can be synthesised and metabolized after exposure to different stimuli including allergens and viral infection. Bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors are constitutively expressed in the airways on several residential and/or immune cells. Their expression can also be induced by inflammatory mediators, usually associated with eosinophil and neutrophil recruitment, such as IL-4, IL-13, TNF-α IL-6 and IL-8, via intracellular MAPK and NF-κB signalling. In turn, the latters up-regulate both bradykinin receptors. Bradykinin activates epithelial/endothelial and immune cells, neurons and mesenchymal cells (such as fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells), which are implicated in the development of airway chronic inflammation, responsiveness and remodelling (a major feature of severe asthma). This review highlights the role of bradykinin and its receptors in respect to chronic inflammatory response involving eosinophils/neutrophils and to vascular/matrix-related airway remodelling in asthmatic airways. This scenario is especially important for understanding the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic and/or neutrophilic asthma and hence their therapeutic approach
COVID-19 in Severe Asthma Network in Italy (SANI) patients: Clinical features, impact of comorbidities and treatments
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