Strawberry fruits and plants used for pathogenicity tests (A and C) and symptoms (B and D).

<p><b>(</b>A) Unripe fruits (phenological stage turning white-pink) used for artificial inoculations of <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. (B) Strawberry fruits 7 days after inoculation with <i>Colletotrichum</i> sp. spores suspension showing typical black spot symptoms (bottom left) and with sterile water used as control (top right) (C) Three-month-old strawberry plants used to pathogenicity assays (D) Strawberry plant crown sectioned showing presence of red-brownish lesions characteristic of anthracnose caused by <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp.</p

Percentage occurrence of <i>Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato</i> species and relative numbers of haplotypes identified among 67 strains isolated from strawberry in UK.

<p>Percentage occurrence of <i>Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato</i> species and relative numbers of haplotypes identified among 67 strains isolated from strawberry in UK.</p

<i>Colletotrichum</i> sp. strains used in this study with isolation details and GenBank accessions.

<p>Abbreviation</p><p>CBS: Culture collection of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands IMI: Culture collection of CABI Europe UK Centre, Egham, UK CSL: Culture collection of The Food and Eviroment Research Agency, DEFRA, York, UK OG: out-group* strains used for pathogenicity tests</p><p><i>Colletotrichum</i> sp. strains used in this study with isolation details and GenBank accessions.</p

Multilocus phylogenetic analysis of the <i>Colletotrichum</i> isolates used in this study.

<p>Bayesian MCMC analysis tree constructed from the alignment based on the concatenation of rRNA, TUB, MAT1-2 and GPDH partial sequences of 140 <i>Colletotrichum acutatum sensu lato</i> isolates used in this study. The tree was rooted with sequences from <i>C</i>. <i>graminicola</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>higginsianum</i> retrieved from whole genome sequences and sequences of four <i>C</i>. <i>gloeosporioides sensu lato</i> and two <i>C</i>. <i>spinaciae</i> obtained experimentally. Isolates used to investigate variation in aggressiveness are highlighted in bold.</p

Additional file 1: of Polyketide synthases of Diaporthe helianthi and involvement of DhPKS1 in virulence on sunflower

List of the 40 putative PKS in Diaporthe helianthi isolate 7/96 and related information. Domain analyses revealed that most PKS genes coded by D. helianthi are highly reducing PKSs, whereas only eight PKSs lack reducing domains and cluster with non-reducing PKSs. In grey are highlighted the genes partially sequenced. (XLSX 76 kb

Additional file 3: Table S2. of Gene family expansions and contractions are associated with host range in plant pathogens of the genus Colletotrichum

InterPro functional domains associated with the proteomes and secretomes of fungal genomes used in this study. (XLSX 645 kb

Additional file 5: Figures S2–S13. of Gene family expansions and contractions are associated with host range in plant pathogens of the genus Colletotrichum

Figures S2 and S3. Clustering of secreted carbohydrate-active enzyme (S2) and peptidase (S3) families encoding genes identified in this study. Numbers of genes in each row were normalized using MeV 4.8.1. Hierarchical clustering of genes and species was performed and visualized using the package “pheatmap” 1.0.8 within R. Figures S4–S13. Phylogenetic trees of secreted proteins belonging to specific class of peptidases (Figure S4. A01A; Figure S5. S10; Figure S6. M43B; Figure S7. M35) and carbohydrate-active (Figure S8. AA3; Figure S9. AA7; Figure S10. CE10; Figure S11. CE16; Figure S12. GH5, Figure S13. GH43) enzyme families identified in the genomes analyzed in this study. Proteins were aligned with MAFFT and trees were inferred using the FastTree algorithm implemented in Geneious 8.1.4. Protein names in red are from CAsc species, Protein names in blue are from other Colletotrichum spp. (PDF 8509 kb

Streptolirion volubile Edgew.

原著和名: アフヒカヅラ科名: ツユクサ科 = Commelinaceae採集地: 広島県 深安郡 加茂町 山野 池尻〜田原 後山山麓 (備後 深安郡 加茂町 山野 池尻〜田原 後山山麓)採集日: 1974/10/7採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH019234国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-96923

Higginsianins A and B, Two Diterpenoid α‑Pyrones Produced by <i>Colletotrichum higginsianum</i>, with <i>in Vitro</i> Cytostatic Activity

Two new diterpenoid α-pyrones, named higginsianins A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), were isolated from the mycelium of the fungus <i>Colletotrichum higginsianum</i> grown in liquid culture. They were characterized as 3-[5a,9b-dimethyl-7-methylene-2-(2-methylpropenyl)­dodecahydro­naphtho­[2,1-<i>b</i>]­furan-6-ylmethyl]-4-hydroxy-5,6-dimethylpyran-2-one and 4-hydroxy-3-[6-hydroxy-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylene-5-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)­decahydro­naphthalen-1-ylmethyl]-5,6-dimethylpyran-2-one, respectively, by using NMR, HRESIMS, and chemical methods. The structure and relative configuration of higginsianin A (<b>1</b>) were confirmed by X-ray diffractometric analysis, while its absolute configuration was assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments and calculations using a solid-state ECD/TDDFT method. The relative and absolute configuration of higginsianin B (<b>2</b>), which did not afford crystals suitable for X-ray analysis, were determined by NMR analysis and by ECD in comparison with higginsianin A. <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> were the C-8 epimers of subglutinol A and diterpenoid BR-050, respectively. The evaluation of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> for antiproliferative activity against a panel of six cancer cell lines revealed that the IC₅₀ values, obtained with cells reported to be sensitive to pro-apoptotic stimuli, are by more than 1 order of magnitude lower than their apoptosis-resistant counterparts (1 vs >80 μM). Finally, three hemisynthetic derivatives of <b>1</b> were prepared and evaluated for antiproliferative activity. Two of these possessed IC₅₀ values and differential sensitivity profiles similar to those of <b>1</b>

Higginsianins A and B, Two Diterpenoid α‑Pyrones Produced by <i>Colletotrichum higginsianum</i>, with <i>in Vitro</i> Cytostatic Activity

Two new diterpenoid α-pyrones, named higginsianins A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>), were isolated from the mycelium of the fungus <i>Colletotrichum higginsianum</i> grown in liquid culture. They were characterized as 3-[5a,9b-dimethyl-7-methylene-2-(2-methylpropenyl)­dodecahydro­naphtho­[2,1-<i>b</i>]­furan-6-ylmethyl]-4-hydroxy-5,6-dimethylpyran-2-one and 4-hydroxy-3-[6-hydroxy-5,8a-dimethyl-2-methylene-5-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)­decahydro­naphthalen-1-ylmethyl]-5,6-dimethylpyran-2-one, respectively, by using NMR, HRESIMS, and chemical methods. The structure and relative configuration of higginsianin A (<b>1</b>) were confirmed by X-ray diffractometric analysis, while its absolute configuration was assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments and calculations using a solid-state ECD/TDDFT method. The relative and absolute configuration of higginsianin B (<b>2</b>), which did not afford crystals suitable for X-ray analysis, were determined by NMR analysis and by ECD in comparison with higginsianin A. <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> were the C-8 epimers of subglutinol A and diterpenoid BR-050, respectively. The evaluation of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> for antiproliferative activity against a panel of six cancer cell lines revealed that the IC₅₀ values, obtained with cells reported to be sensitive to pro-apoptotic stimuli, are by more than 1 order of magnitude lower than their apoptosis-resistant counterparts (1 vs >80 μM). Finally, three hemisynthetic derivatives of <b>1</b> were prepared and evaluated for antiproliferative activity. Two of these possessed IC₅₀ values and differential sensitivity profiles similar to those of <b>1</b>