Annual Ryegrass Pasture for Dairy Cows Receiving Total Mixed Ration

The inclusion of herbage in the diet of medium yielding dairy cows offered a total mixed ration (TMR) may be beneficial. This study, which involved mid lactation dairy cows, examined the effect of partial replacement of a TMR with annual temperate pasture. Treatments were ad libitum TMR (TMR100), 75% ad libitum TMR + ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ‘Maximus’) (TMR75), and 50% ad libitum TMR + ryegrass (TMR50). Twelve multiparous Holstein and F1 Jersey × Holstein cows were divided into six homogeneous groups, taking account of milk production (26.6 ± 4.5 kg/day), days in milk (128 ± 50) and body weight (546 ± 31 kg). Treatments were compared in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design, comprising three 21-day periods (measurements during final 5 days). Cows on TMR75 and TMR50 strip grazed between morning and afternoon milking (7 h/day), with a target pre- and post-grazing sward height of 24 and 12 cm, respectively. Herbage DM intake was estimated as the difference between pre- and post-grazing herbage mass. The TMR and herbage had a crude protein content of 150 and 303 g/kg DM, and a NDF content of 366 and 495 g/kg DM, respectively. Herbage DM intake increased from 4.8 kg/day in TMR75 to 6.7 kg/day on TMR50. Total DM intake decreased from 19.4 kg/day (TMR100), to 18.1 and 15.9 kg/day (TMR75 and TMR50, respectively). Milk production, milk fat and milk protein content were similar between treatments, averaging 25.6 kg/day, 44.6 g/kg and 33.7 g/kg, respectively. The net energy for lactation (NEL) supply was 113, 104 and 92% of NEL requirements, for cows receiving TMR100, TMR75 and TMR50, respectively. Ryegrass pastures were able to replace up to 50% of TMR offered to mid lactation dairy cows without any adverse effects on milk production and milk composition

Short-Term Herbage Intake Rate in Temperate Pastures Grasses Grown in Pure or in Intercropping Stands

Oat and ryegrass pastures grown in intercropping systems are the most common forages used during the fall and winter in subtropical and in some temperate climate regions. Nevertheless, it must be taken into account that the way in which the different species of plants are presented to the animals may lead to consequences for the efficiency of the grazing process (Prache and Damasceno 2006). Moreover, in hetero-geneous environments, animals may reduce intake rate due to a partial preference for a specific species (Gonçalves et al. 2009). Regarding the pasture development stage, it is known that the decrease of the leaf/stem ratio causes the animal to reduce the instantaneous herbage intake rate due to the reduction of the bite depth because of the physical barrier imposed by the stem (Benvenutti et al. 2006; Drescher et al. 2006) and/or the search for a higher food quality, in this case, leaf lamina (Soder et al. 2009). However, the dynamics of changes in temperate sward structures grown in pure stands compared to inter-cropping systems and its consequence in heifers\u27 short-term herbage intake rate (STHIR) are scarce. The objective of this work was to assess the changes in the STHIR in pastures of oat, ryegrass and their intercrop during the growing season. The hypothesis tested was that cattle reduce the STHIR in intercropping pastures compared to pure stands, and as the grazing season progress

Tiller Size/Density Compensation in Temperate Climate Grasses Grown in Monoculture or Intercropping Systems under Rotational Grazing

From the standpoint of tiller population dynamics, it is well known that the size and numbers of tillers in forage grasses are inversely related, where a greater tiller population density (TPD) is associated with smaller tillers and vice versa (Sbrissia et al. 2003; Hernandez-Garay et al. 1999; Matthew et al. 1995). This relationship has traditionally been made with the self-thinning power law described by Yoda et al. (1963), which considers the leaf area index (LAI) of the pasture constant when the slope of the relationship between numbers and size of tillers, on a logarithmic scale, is approximately -3/2 (Matthew et al. 1995). Notably few studies have assessed this relationship in intercropping systems. Moreover, although studies that evaluated intercrops showed relationships that were nearly -3/2 for the individually analysed species (Yu et al. 2008; Nie et al. 1997;White and Harper 1970), Nie et al. (1997) suggested that all plants that occur in the grass field should be used to properly estimate self-thinning in mixed species pastures. Thus, the aim of the present study was to test the main hypothesis that the tiller size/density compensation mechanisms operate in the same way in mixed pastures of oat and Italian ryegrass under rotational grazing and that the plant communities adapt their population to maintain a relatively constant LAI

Forage Intake and Nitrogen Retention in Wethers Fed Ryegrass Haylage Supplemented with Maize Silage

Many decision support tools have been developed to predict herbage intake with herbivore ruminants indoors (Faverdin 1992) or at grazing, both using short-term (Baumont et al. 2004) or daily scale input variables (Heard et al. 2004; Delagarde et al. 2011). However, the ingestive and digestive interactions when diets with more than one type of forage are used have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of maize silage supplementation to wethers receiving ryegrass haylage on OM intake, OM digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and N retention

Herbage Intake, Methane Emissions and Animal Performance of Steers Grazing Dwarf Elephant Grass with or without Access to \u3cem\u3eArachis pintoi\u3c/em\u3e Pastures

The inclusion of legumes in diets based on grass has nutritional benefits due to ingestive and digestive interactions (Niderkorn and Baumont 2009). Moreover, it is speculated that tropical legumes can contribute to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) compared to diets exclusively composed of grasses (Archimède et al. 2011). However, under grazing conditions, these advantages are not always possible to obtain. This occurs when the spatial distribution of sward grasses impose limitations on access to legumes by grazing animals (Solomon et al. 2011). This can be the case, for example, when legumes are overlapped by the leaves of a tufted tall grass, as dwarf elephant grass (Crestani et al. 2013). Considering that management strategies for increasing legumes in the diet of grazing animals should be better studied and data on enteric methane emitted by ruminants eating tropical forages are scarce, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of access to an exclusive area of peanuts (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo) for cattle grazing dwarf elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. BRS Kurumi) on herbage intake, animal performance and enteric methane emission

XAF1 as a modifier of p53 function and cancer susceptibility

Cancer risk is highly variable in carriers of the common TP53-R337H founder allele, possibly due to the influence of modifier genes. Whole-genome sequencing identified a variant in the tumor suppressor XAF1 (E134*/Glu134Ter/rs146752602) in a subset of R337H carriers. Haplotype-defining variants were verified in 203 patients with cancer, 582 relatives, and 42,438 newborns. The compound mutant haplotype was enriched in patients with cancer, conferring risk for sarcoma (P = 0.003) and subsequent malignancies (P = 0.006). Functional analyses demonstrated that wild-type XAF1 enhances transactivation of wild-type and hypomorphic TP53 variants, whereas XAF1-E134* is markedly attenuated in this activity. We propose that cosegregation of XAF1-E134* and TP53-R337H mutations leads to a more aggressive cancer phenotype than TP53-R337H alone, with implications for genetic counseling and clinical management of hypomorphic TP53 mutant carriers.Fil: Pinto, Emilia M.. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Figueiredo, Bonald C.. Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe; BrasilFil: Chen, Wenan. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Galvao, Henrique C.R.. Hospital de Câncer de Barretos; BrasilFil: Formiga, Maria Nirvana. A.c.camargo Cancer Center; BrasilFil: Fragoso, Maria Candida B.V.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Ashton Prolla, Patricia. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Ribeiro, Enilze M.S.F.. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Felix, Gabriela. Universidade Federal da Bahia; BrasilFil: Costa, Tatiana E.B.. Hospital Infantil Joana de Gusmao; BrasilFil: Savage, Sharon A.. National Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Yeager, Meredith. National Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Palmero, Edenir I.. Hospital de Câncer de Barretos; BrasilFil: Volc, Sahlua. Hospital de Câncer de Barretos; BrasilFil: Salvador, Hector. Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona; EspañaFil: Fuster Soler, Jose Luis. Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca; EspañaFil: Lavarino, Cinzia. Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona; EspañaFil: Chantada, Guillermo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Vaur, Dominique. Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse; FranciaFil: Odone Filho, Vicente. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Brugières, Laurence. Institut de Cancerologie Gustave Roussy; FranciaFil: Else, Tobias. University of Michigan; Estados UnidosFil: Stoffel, Elena M.. University of Michigan; Estados UnidosFil: Maxwell, Kara N.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados UnidosFil: Achatz, Maria Isabel. Hospital Sirio-libanês; BrasilFil: Kowalski, Luis. A.c.camargo Cancer Center; BrasilFil: De Andrade, Kelvin C.. National Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Pappo, Alberto. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Letouze, Eric. Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers; FranciaFil: Latronico, Ana Claudia. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Mendonca, Berenice B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Almeida, Madson Q.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Brondani, Vania B.. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: Bittar, Camila M.. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Soares, Emerson W.S.. Hospital Do Câncer de Cascavel; BrasilFil: Mathias, Carolina. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Ramos, Cintia R.N.. Hospital de Câncer de Barretos; BrasilFil: Machado, Moara. National Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Zhou, Weiyin. National Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Jones, Kristine. National Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Vogt, Aurelie. National Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Klincha, Payal P.. National Cancer Institute; Estados UnidosFil: Santiago, Karina M.. A.c.camargo Cancer Center; BrasilFil: Komechen, Heloisa. Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe; BrasilFil: Paraizo, Mariana M.. Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe; BrasilFil: Parise, Ivy Z.S.. Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Principe; BrasilFil: Hamilton, Kayla V.. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Wang, Jinling. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Rampersaud, Evadnie. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Clay, Michael R.. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Murphy, Andrew J.. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Lalli, Enzo. Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire; FranciaFil: Nichols, Kim E.. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Ribeiro, Raul C.. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Rodriguez-Galindo, Carlos. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Korbonits, Marta. Queen Mary University of London; Reino UnidoFil: Zhang, Jinghui. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Thomas, Mark G.. Colegio Universitario de Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Connelly, Jon P.. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Pruett-Miller, Shondra. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Diekmann, Yoan. Colegio Universitario de Londres; Reino UnidoFil: Neale, Geoffrey. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Wu, Gang. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados UnidosFil: Zambetti, Gerard P.. St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Estados Unido