16 research outputs found
Comment faire� La technique comme pouvoir
LoĂŻc Pantaly, PanĆuptique (dĂ©tail), 2014. Exposition Bricologie. La Souris et le Perroquet, Nice, Villa Arson, 15 fĂ©vrier-31 aoĂ»t 2015. ©âPatricia Ribault. Septembre 2015 : lâAgence amĂ©ricaine de protection de lâenvironnement (EPA) rĂ©vĂšle « lâaffaire Volkswagen », scandale inĂ©dit dans lâhistoire automobile. De 2009 Ă 2015, le leader mondial a utilisĂ© un logiciel rĂ©duisant frauduleusement les Ă©missions polluantes de certains de ses moteurs diesel. 11 millions de vĂ©hicules sont concernĂ©s de pa..
Chiara Vigo ou la maĂźtrise de soie
La soie de mer est un matĂ©riau raffinĂ© aux reflets dorĂ©s qui se fabrique Ă partir dâune technique traditionnelle de transformation des fibres sĂ©crĂ©tĂ©es par un grand mollusque de MĂ©diterranĂ©e (Pinna nobilis) pour se fixer au sol. Ă lâinvitation dâune Ă©quipe de chercheurs du Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces de Potsdam qui Ă©tudie les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques du byssus ainsi que le processus de transformation en soie marine, nous suivons lâune des rares tisseuses sardes encore en exercice, Chiara Vigo, qui mĂȘle gestes techniques et gestes magiques. Sa pratique et le regard que lâon porte sur ses modes opĂ©ratoires en regard des mĂ©thodes scientifiques questionnent notre rapport aux techniques, aux croyances et aux sciences, voire Ă la notion mĂȘme de rĂ©alitĂ©.Sea silk is a refined material shimmering like gold that is made from a traditional technique of processing the fibers produced by a large Mediterranean mollusk called Pinna nobilis to settle on the ground. Invited by a team of researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam who study the mechanical properties of byssus and the process of its transformation into sea silk, we follow one of the few Sardinian weavers still in practice, Chiara Vigo, who combines technical gestures and magical gestures. Her practice and the way we look at her operating modes in relation to scientific methods question our relationship to techniques, beliefs and sciences, and even to the very notion of reality
Du toucher au geste technique : la « technÚ des corps »
Le geste technique peut ĂȘtre pensĂ© comme lâarticulation dâune dĂ©faillance Ă une ouverture. La dĂ©faillance dâun corps « sans qualité » et lâouverture qui, avant mĂȘme de sâinscrire dans une extĂ©riorisation par lâoutil, passe par une plasticitĂ© ou, pour parler comme Merleau-Ponty, par une « saisie des coexistences » propre au toucher. LâefficacitĂ© de la technique, la maĂźtrise du geste puis de lâenvironnement, lâorganisation prothĂ©tique du corps repose avant tout sur une plasticitĂ© qui permet Ă lâhomme de sortir du strict fonctionnement biologique. Câest en cela quâil ex-iste, quâil se tient en dehors des limites de son corps, qui, mystĂšre des origines, est devenu progressivement un organe de perception capable de se rĂ©flĂ©chir dans la matiĂšre jusquâĂ la transformer, jusquâĂ modeler une technicitĂ© organisĂ©e de maniĂšre unique au sein du vivant : lâ« écotechnie des corps ». Câest en ces termes que Jean-Luc Nancy dĂ©signe les corps articulĂ©s par la technique, intĂ©grĂ©s dans un systĂšme dâappareillage qui fait du corps humain un corps connectĂ©, impensable sans ses outils. Tout geste est-il donc dâabord un geste technique ? Cet article propose une analyse ontologique du geste technique Ă partir de considĂ©rations palĂ©ontologiques et philosophiques â notamment le concept dâimagination matĂ©rielle dĂ©veloppĂ© par Gaston Bachelard â avec pour point de dĂ©part le sens du toucher comme origine de la prothĂ©ticitĂ© de lâĂȘtre humain, et un questionnement sur les limites de ce corps « dressé », dont la maĂźtrise, ainsi que celle de son milieu, est un enjeu de pouvoir et dâexistence, mais aussi un risque
Imaginaires, technologies, sociĂ©tĂ©. Design et quĂȘte de sens. Retour sur un sĂ©minaire
International audienceLe sĂ©minaire "Imaginaires, technologies, sociĂ©tĂ©. Design et quĂȘte de sens" est nĂ© d'une volontĂ© d'ouvrir une rĂ©flexion interdisciplinaire sur la situation des imaginaires aujourd'hui, en particulier tels qu'ils sont Ă l'oeuvre dans les pratiques du design. Ce sĂ©minaire a Ă©tĂ© le fruit d'un travail collectif entre l'Ă©quipe de recherche "Ethique, Technologies, Organisations, SociĂ©tĂ©" (ETOS) de TĂ©lĂ©com Ecole de Management (Institut Mines - TĂ©lĂ©com) d'une part et l'Ecole SupĂ©rieure d'Art et de Design (ESAD) de Reims d'autre part, impliquant divers partenaires, dont l'association SIANA, le Centre de recherche Sens, Ethique, SociĂ©tĂ© (CERSES), UMR CNRS / UniversitĂ© Paris Descartes et la New York University in France. Cette multiplicitĂ© des partenaires et des collaborations ne fut bien sĂ»r pas anodine Ă©tant donnĂ© l'ampleur du champ que nous explorons et l'importance qu'il y a Ă croiser les regards disciplinaires sur le thĂšme des imaginaires dans la sociĂ©tĂ© technologique
Imaginaires, technologies, sociĂ©tĂ©. Design et quĂȘte de sens. Retour sur un sĂ©minaire
International audienceLe sĂ©minaire "Imaginaires, technologies, sociĂ©tĂ©. Design et quĂȘte de sens" est nĂ© d'une volontĂ© d'ouvrir une rĂ©flexion interdisciplinaire sur la situation des imaginaires aujourd'hui, en particulier tels qu'ils sont Ă l'oeuvre dans les pratiques du design. Ce sĂ©minaire a Ă©tĂ© le fruit d'un travail collectif entre l'Ă©quipe de recherche "Ethique, Technologies, Organisations, SociĂ©tĂ©" (ETOS) de TĂ©lĂ©com Ecole de Management (Institut Mines - TĂ©lĂ©com) d'une part et l'Ecole SupĂ©rieure d'Art et de Design (ESAD) de Reims d'autre part, impliquant divers partenaires, dont l'association SIANA, le Centre de recherche Sens, Ethique, SociĂ©tĂ© (CERSES), UMR CNRS / UniversitĂ© Paris Descartes et la New York University in France. Cette multiplicitĂ© des partenaires et des collaborations ne fut bien sĂ»r pas anodine Ă©tant donnĂ© l'ampleur du champ que nous explorons et l'importance qu'il y a Ă croiser les regards disciplinaires sur le thĂšme des imaginaires dans la sociĂ©tĂ© technologique
Imaginaires, technologies, sociĂ©tĂ©. Design et quĂȘte de sens. Retour sur un sĂ©minaire
International audienceLe sĂ©minaire "Imaginaires, technologies, sociĂ©tĂ©. Design et quĂȘte de sens" est nĂ© d'une volontĂ© d'ouvrir une rĂ©flexion interdisciplinaire sur la situation des imaginaires aujourd'hui, en particulier tels qu'ils sont Ă l'oeuvre dans les pratiques du design. Ce sĂ©minaire a Ă©tĂ© le fruit d'un travail collectif entre l'Ă©quipe de recherche "Ethique, Technologies, Organisations, SociĂ©tĂ©" (ETOS) de TĂ©lĂ©com Ecole de Management (Institut Mines - TĂ©lĂ©com) d'une part et l'Ecole SupĂ©rieure d'Art et de Design (ESAD) de Reims d'autre part, impliquant divers partenaires, dont l'association SIANA, le Centre de recherche Sens, Ethique, SociĂ©tĂ© (CERSES), UMR CNRS / UniversitĂ© Paris Descartes et la New York University in France. Cette multiplicitĂ© des partenaires et des collaborations ne fut bien sĂ»r pas anodine Ă©tant donnĂ© l'ampleur du champ que nous explorons et l'importance qu'il y a Ă croiser les regards disciplinaires sur le thĂšme des imaginaires dans la sociĂ©tĂ© technologique
Geleiras tropicais na América do Sul e as variaçÔes climåticas da Bacia AmazÎnica Ocidental
Esta tese, baseada principalmente em tĂ©cnicas de sensoriamento remoto, investigou as variaçÔes na superfĂcie de geleiras situadas nos trĂłpicos andinos bolivianos nas Ășltimas dĂ©cadas. TambĂ©m tenta identificar qual a relação entre essas variaçÔes com controles climĂĄticos na bacia AmazĂŽnica. Uma alternativa aos mĂ©todos tradicionais do monitoramento das geleiras Ă© a integração dos dados de campo com dados de sensoriamento remoto. Dessa forma, foi desenvolvido um algoritmo semiautomĂĄtico para a delimitação dos setores frontais de geleiras de montanha, que apresentou uma precisĂŁo de ± 73 m (Ribeiro et al., 2013a). As investigaçÔes das variaçÔes das frentes das geleiras de montanha aplicando essa metodologia devem ficar restritas Ă s mĂ©dias de retração para perĂodos longos (escalas decenais). Isto se deve aos erros inerentes da metodologia empregada serem maiores do que a prĂłpria retração quando aplicado a perĂodos curtos (escalas anuais). A histĂłria climĂĄtica recente dos Andes Centrais boliviano foi estudada com dados do testemunho de gelo (taxas de acumulação anual lĂquida) e de sensoriamento remoto (variação na extensĂŁo de massas de gelo) do Nevado Illimani, BolĂvia (67°44âW e 16°38âS). Foi identificada uma perda total de ĂĄrea de 9,49 km2 a partir de 1963 atĂ© 2009, isso representou uma diminuição de 35% de sua ĂĄrea (Ribeiro et al., 2013b). Essa redução foi menor entre 1963 e 1983 (12%). ApĂłs, essa diminuição foi constante atĂ© 2009 (26 anos), com uma perda de 26% em ĂĄrea. Um testemunho de gelo obtido nesse mesmo sĂtio apresentou uma acumulação anual lĂquida mĂ©dia de 0,76 m em equivalente d'ĂĄgua e uma tendĂȘncia de queda para o perĂodo 1960â1999 (Ribeiro et al. 2013b). ApĂłs 1980, a diminuição da acumulação no testemunho de gelo Ă© acompanhada pela intensificação da retração superficial da geleira. As reduçÔes da massa de gelo e da taxa de acumulação lĂquida observadas nesse perĂodo provavelmente estĂŁo relacionadas com a maior frequĂȘncia eintensidade dos eventos El Niño que ocorreram do final dos anos 1970 atĂ© o inĂcio dos anos 2000. Uma vez que tais eventos ocasionam aumento da temperatura do ar e diminuição das nuvens sobre os Andes Centrais. ApĂłs 1999 ocorreu aumento na taxa de acumulação na regiĂŁo de estudo, indiretamente demostrado por dados do testemunho de gelo de Quelccaya (16% acima da mĂ©dia do perĂodo anterior a 1999). PorĂ©m, isso nĂŁo foi suficiente para a estabilização das dimensĂ”es das geleiras. Possivelmente, essa Ășltima fase de retração (pĂłs 1999) esteve relacionada ao aumento da temperatura do ar e da altitude da isoterma anual de 0°C. Foi constatada que concomitantemente a um AtlĂąntico tropical norte aquecido, o balanço de massa das geleiras bolivianas tornase mais negativo (Ribeiro et al., 2014). A variação da acumulação anual no sĂtio dos dois testemunhos de gelo (Illimani e Quelccaya) apresentou o seguinte padrĂŁo de variação: aumento entre 1960â1981; diminuição entre 1981â1999 e novamente aumento entre 1999â2009. Ao compararmos essas tendĂȘncias gerais com as informaçÔes das estaçÔes meteorolĂłgicas da bacia amazĂŽnica, constatamos que eles sĂŁo similares somente a aqueles do noroeste da regiĂŁo AmazĂŽnica, exemplificada pela estação meteorolĂłgica de IauretĂȘ (00°37'S, 69°12'W) (Ribeiro et al., 2014). Essa Ă© a regiĂŁo da AmazĂŽnia cuja variabilidade climĂĄtica mostra a mais forte modulação pelo fenĂŽmeno ENSO, conforme Obregon e Nobre (2006) que a denominaram R1.This thesis, based mainly on remote sensing techniques, investigates area variations over the past decades of glaciers located in the tropical Bolivian Andes. It also attempts to identify relations between glaciers variations with the Amazon basin climatic controls. Glaciers front positions monitoring by automatic analysis of satellite sensors data usually results in underestimation of glacier termini positions. Band ratios (e.g., near infrared to middle infrared) and normalized bands differences (e.g., normalized difference snow index e normalized digital vegetation index) are not able to identify debris-covered areas of glaciers. We developed a semi-automatic algorithm for delimiting frontal boundaries of Andean mountain glaciers using the China-Brazil Earth-Resources Satellite and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. This algorithm has a ±73 m horizontal precision for glacier surveys. Investigations on mountain glaciers front variations using our methodology should be restricted to long term (decanal) retreat averages. The recent climate history of the Bolivian Central Andes was studied using data from the ice core (net annual accumulation rates) and remote sensing (variation in the extension of ice masses) of Nevado Illimani, Bolivia (67°44'W, 16°38'S). Totally, there was 9.49-kmÂČ area loss from 1963 to 2009; this represented a 35% decrease in area (Ribeiro et al., 2013b). The reduction was smaller from 1963 to 1983 (12%). After, the glacier retreat was constant until 2009 (26 years) with a 26% area loss. An ice core obtained at the same site showed a mean annual net accumulation rate of 0.76 m a-1 in water equivalent, and a decreasing trend for the period 1960â1999 (Ribeiro et al., 2003b). When we divide the accumulation rate trend in two periods (1960â1981 and 1981â1999), the first shows a stable situation (mean 0.92 m a-1 in water equivalent), the second a decreasing trend (average 0.56 m a-1 in water equivalent). The comparison of area changes with the net accumulation rate at Nevado Illimani identified that the period of lowest glaciers shrinkage (1963â1983) coincided with the stabilization of accumulation rates in the ice core (Ribeiro et al., 2013b). After 1980, the accumulation reduction in the ice core was accompanied by glacier area shrinkage. These observed decreases are probably related to a higher frequency and intensity of El Niño events that occurred from late 1970s to early 2000s. Such events increase air temperature and decrease clouds cover over the Central Andes. After 1999 there was an increase in the accumulation rate in the study region, indirectly demonstrated by ice core data from Quelccaya (16% above the average for the period before 1999). However, this was not enough for the glaciers areas stabilization. Possibly, this latest retraction phase (post 1999) was related to air temperature and annual 0oC isotherm altitude increases. Concomitantly with a warm tropical North Atlantic, the mass balance of Bolivian Glacier becomes more negative (Ribeiro et al., 2014). The variation of the annual accumulation at the two ice cores site showed the following pattern of change: an increase from 1960 to 1981, a decrease from 1981 to 1999 and again an increase from 1999 to 2009. Comparing these general trends with information from Amazon basin weather stations, we found that they are similar only to those of the northwestern Amazon region, exemplified by the weather station IauretĂȘ (00°37'S, 69°12'W). This is the region of the Amazon where the climatic variability shows the strongest modulation by the ENSO phenomenon, according to Obregon and Noble (2006) who called it R1