NOMINAL CIRCUMFIXATION OF COMPLEX DERIVATIVES IN URDU

This paper delves into the nominal complex circumfixation in Urdu. The present endeavor decomposes the circumfixation and studies its constituents with structural, hierarchical, and functional perspectives. The objectives of the study comprise tracing the underlying patterns of the nominal complex circumfixation of Urdu, demonstrating the complex circumfixation through binary branching, and highlighting functions of each morpheme of circumfixation with the proposed morphological attribute value matrix (MAVM). The present work is descriptive accomplished in the paradigm of qualitative research. It uses purposive sampling technique to trace and elaborate the nominal complex circumfixation. From the print and online resources, the nominal circumfixes are ransacked and enlisted with transcription and etymology. It is brought on the surface that the X part of the nominal circumfix is free-standing in some cases. The study explores that the constituents of circumfixation do not violate the binary branching and are presentable on the hierarchical trees. It is found that the proposed mechanism MAVM traces the features left over by the phrase structure morphology. The study concludes that the Urdu complex circumfixation is idiosyncratic in relation to the X free-standing part of the nominal circumfix, its realization on the binary branching, and the application of the feature-checking analyzer MAVM.  &nbsp

DUAL DERIVATIONAL MARKERS: A STUDY OF URDU NOMINAL-CUM-ADJECTIVAL MARKERS

  The core purpose of the present work is to analyze the Urdu nominal-cum-adjectival markers with structural, positional, distributional, percolational, and functional perspectives. The dual derivational markers are securitized with the lens of morphology-syntax nexus. In the paradigm of morphemic productivity, the dual derivational markers form a sub-feature of productivity. These markers present two complex derivational perspectives: dual derivation with the nominal or adjectival roots and dual derivation with the nominal roots. They are analyzed within the framework of Generativism and Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) with purposive sampling technique. The template to function analyzer is devised to apply morphosyntactic features on the nominal-cum-adjectival markers. The present study proposes morphological attribute value matrix (MAVM) to capture functional multiplicity of each morpheme of the complex derivatives by producing f-structure. The dual derivational perspective is expected to work equally for other Indo-Aryan languages, as their word structure contains similar formal properties, as possessed by the Urdu complex derivatives. The present work seems to contribute to the derivative theory for the Indo-Aryan languages

COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS IN PUNJABI: MORPHEME-BASED MORPHOLOGY

The present work aims to analyze and elucidate the various instances of compounding in Punjabi, explicitly focusing on copulative compounds. The copulative compound does not exhibit a head modifier relation but demonstrates coordination between its two elements. For instance, the words “actor-manager” and “actor and manager” contain two semantic heads due to the autonomous nature of its constituent elements. The constituents of these compounds exhibit fusion, wherein one constituent is completely assimilated into the other, distinguishing them from endocentric and exocentric compounds. The data has been gathered from both the Punjabi grammar book and individuals who are native speakers of Punjabi. The findings from the data analyses indicate that the three hypotheses proposed by the morpheme-based theory are highly appropriate and applicable to the Punjabi copulative compounds

HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACHES TO URDU LITERATURE: A CASE STUDY OF N.M. RASHID’S POETRY

Historical and biographical approaches to literature are a perspective, a lens through which a reader can see or explore only those ideas that have their link with the life of the writer, historical events, and the values of his age. N.M.Rashid was a postcolonial modern Urdu poet of Pakistan. The researcher has used the literary model of Bennett & Royle (2004), which tells us the ways to study the life and history present in the literary text. Being a postmodern writer, N.M. Rashid focuses his attention on collective voices, intertextuality, Meta-fictional, ironic narrators, and especially on language. Postmodern writer challenges hegemonic values like heteronormativity, imperialism, and the traditional concept of feminism and masculinity. Our data analysis shows that N.M.Rashid has used colonial and biographical events in his poetry to make it more reliable and authentic. Further studies also show that this is the only appropriate method that tells us how to explore the autobiographical and historical events of the past