Pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun kosambi terhadap apoptosis sel epitel mukosa usus halus yang diinduksi CCL4 pada tikus model Fibrosis Hepar

ABSTRACT Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4) is commonly used as an agent for inducing liver fibrosis. In some studies, the administration of CCL4 has been found to cause apoptosis in intestinal mucosa epithelial cells. Apoptosis of epithelial cells caused by free radicals from CCL4 metabolism in intestinal mucosa epithelial cells. Apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa epithelial cells causes bacteria in the intestinal lumen to enter the blood vessels and translocate to the liver. In some studies, kosambi has been shown to have secondary metabolites that capable to donate one H atom to free radical molecules. This research is an experimental laboratory study to observe the expression of caspase-3 in intestinal mucosa epithelial cells. A total of 25 experimental rats were divided into negative control groups, positive controls, the treatment of kosambi leaf extract at a dose of 200mg / KgBB, a dose of 400mg / KgBB, and a dose of 600mg / KgBB. In positive control and kosambi leaf extracts groups, CCL4 is injected intraperitoneally. Data on caspase-3 expression in intestinal mucosa epithelial cells were analyzed with One-Way ANOVA test (p<0.05) and the results obtained p = 0,000, which means significant. Data on caspase-3 expression in intestinal mucosal epithelial cells were further analyzed by the Post Hoc LSD test (p<0.05). The results obtained from this study indicate that the administration of kosambi leaf extract can reduce caspase-3 expression in intestinal mucosa epithelial cells. The treatment of kosambi leaf extract at a dose of 600mg / KgBB showed the ability to decrease the expression of caspase-3 in intestinal mucosa epithelial cells optimally. ABSTRAK Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4) biasa digunakan sebagai agen penginduksi fibrosis hepar. Pada beberapa penelitian pemberian CCL4 secara intraperitoneum ditemukan dapat menyebabkan apoptosis pada sel epitel mukosa usus halus. Apoptosis sel epitel disebabkan karena induksi dari radikal bebas hasil metabolisme CCL4 dalam sel epitel mukosa usus halus. Apoptosis pada sel epitel mukosa usus halus menyebabkan bakteri pada lumen usus halus dapat masuk kedalam pembuluh darah dan bertranslokasi menuju hepar. Pada beberapa penelitian kosambi terbukti memiliki metabolit sekunder yang mampu mendonorkan satu atom H pada molekul radikal bebas. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorium untuk mengamati ekspresi caspase-3 pada sel epitel mukosa usus halus. Total hewan percobaan sebanyak 25 ekor tikus terbagi kedalam kelompok kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, perlakuan ekstrak daun kosambi dosis 200mg/KgBB, dosis 400mg/KgBB, dan dosis 600mg/KgBB. Pada kelompok kontrol positif dan perlakuan ekstrak daun kosambi diinjeksikan zat CCL4 secara intraperitoneal. Data ekspresi caspase-3 pada sel epitel mukosa usus halus dianalisis dengan uji One-Way ANOVA (p<0,05) dan didapatkan hasil p=0,000 yang berarti signifikan. Data ekspresi caspase-3 pada sel epitel mukosa usus halus selanjutnya dianalis dengan uji Post Hoc LSD (p<0,05). Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak daun kosambi dapat menurunkan ekspresi caspase-3 pada sel epitel mukosa usus halus. Perlakuan ekstrak daun kosambi dengan dosis 600mg/KgBB menunjukkan kemampuan menurunkan ekspresi caspase-3 sel epitel mukosa usus halus paling optimal

Potential Inhibition of Melaleuca leucadendron L. Compounds Against the NSP5 SARS CoV-2 Protein

COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), causing a global health emergency as a pandemic disease. The lack of certain drug molecules or treatment strategies to fight this disease makes it worse. Therefore, effective drug molecules are needed to fight COVID-19. Non Structural Protein (NSP5) or called Main Protease (Mpro) of SARS CoV 2, a key component of this viral replication, is considered a key target for anti-COVID-19 drug development. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the compounds in the Melaleuca leucadendron L. plant such as 1,8-cineole, terpene, guaiol, linalol, α-selinenol, β-eudesmol and γ-eudesmol are predicted to have antiviral activity for COVID-19. Interaction of compounds with NSP5 with PDB code 6WNP analyzed using molecular docking with Molegro Virtual Docker. Based on binding affinity, the highest potential as an anti-viral is Terpineol with binding energy (-119.743 kcal/mol). The results of the interaction showed that terpinol has similarities in all three amino acid residues namely Cys 145, Gly 143, and Glu 166 with remdesivir and native ligand. Melaleuca leucadendron L. may represent a potential herbal treatment to act as: COVID-19 NSP5, however these findings must be validated in vitro and in vivo.Keywords: COVID-19, In Silico, NSP5/ 6WNP, Melaleuca leucadendron L