Miniature Companion Pig Sedation and Anesthesia

Miniature companion pigs (MCP) are increasing in popularity, and as such, there is an increased need for veterinarians trained in sedation and anesthesia for the species. MCPs have several species-specific qualities that can complicate injectable drug administration and create challenges for inhalational anesthesia (eg, with endotracheal intubation). General anesthetic complications, such as hypothermia and hypotension, are commonly described in miniature companion pigs, so monitoring of vital parameters during anesthetic procedures and recovery is crucial

Presentation of a minimally symptomatic large extradural hematoma in a patient with an arachnoid cyst: a case report and review of the literature

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Hemorrhagic complications of arachnoid cysts have been reported, extensively presenting with subdural or intracystic hematoma after trauma, but presentation with extradural hemorrhage is very rare. In this paper, we report the case of a patient with an arachnoid cyst who developed an extradural hematoma after a subtle head injury. Our patient presented with very mild symptoms in spite of the very large size of the hematoma.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>Our patient was a 23-year-old Iranian man who complained of diffuse progressive headache and vomiting after mild head trauma. A brain computerized scan showed a very large extradural hematoma in the left frontotemporoparietal convexity over a large arachnoid cyst.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Brain parenchyma containing an arachnoid cyst is vulnerable to trauma and increases the risk of serious hemorrhagic complications. We also suggest that the abnormal shape of the head should be considered as an indication for a computerized tomography scan in cases of mild head injury.</p

The effect of midazolam on end-tidal concentration of isoflurane necessary to prevent movements in dogs

Objective To determine the possible additive effect of midazolam, a GABAA agonist, on the end-tidal concentration of isoflurane that prevents movement (MACNM) in response to noxious stimulation. Study design Randomized crossover experimental study. Animals Six, healthy, adult intact male, mixed-breed dogs. Methods After baseline isoflurane MACNM (MACNM-B) determination, midazolam was administered as a low (LDS), medium (MDS) or high (HDS) dose series of midazolam. Each series consisted of two dose levels, low and high. The LDS was a loading dose (Ld) of 0.2 mg kg-1 and CRI (2.5 μg kg-1 minute-1) (LDL), followed by an Ld (0.4 mg kg-1) and CRI (5 μg kg-1 minute-1) (LDH). The MDS was an Ld (0.8 mg kg-1) and CRI (10 μg kg-1 minute-1) (MDL) followed by an Ld (1.6 mg kg-1) and CRI (20 μg kg-1 minute-1) (MDH). The HDS was an Ld (3.2 mg kg-1) and CRI (40 μg kg-1 minute-1) (HDL) followed by an Ld (6.4 mg kg-1) and CRI (80 μg kg-1 minute-1) (HDH). MACNM was re-determined after each dose in each series (MACNM-T). Results The median MACNM-B was 1.42. MACNM-B did not differ among groups (p \u3e 0.05). Percentage reduction in MACNM was significantly less in the LDS (11 ± 5%) compared with MDS (30 ± 5%) and HDS (32 ± 5%). There was a weak correlation between the plasma midazolam concentration and percentage MACNM reduction (r = 0.36). Conclusion and clinical relevance Midazolam doses in the range of 10-80 μg kg-1 minute-1 significantly reduced the isoflurane MACNM. However, doses greater than 10 μg kg-1 minute-1 did not further decrease MACNM indicating a ceiling effect

Anesthesia of the geriatric equine

Advancements in veterinary medicine have resulted in an increased number of geriatric horses being presented for medical or surgical procedures that require general anesthesia. Due to the physiological changes associated with aging and the likelihood of concurrent disease conditions, the geriatric equine is at an increased risk during anesthesia. The main physiological changes associated with aging, and their impact on anesthesia, are discussed in this review

Identification and Assessment of Cyber Security and Privacy Challenges in the Transition of Tehran Metropolis to Smart City under Uncertainty

The growing trend of the world towards new technologies and the formation of smart cities, despite their capabilities and benefits, has raised serious concerns about cybersecurity threats and citizens' privacy challenges. Tehran is no exception to this rule in the transition to a smart city. The present paper, in a descriptive survey study, aims to provide a framework for managing cybersecurity and privacy challenges in the transition of Tehran to a smart city. In this research, these challenges are identified by in-depth library studies as well as the implementation of fuzzy Delphi method among a sample of organizational experts (including ten senior managers and relevant officials of the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, Tehran Municipality Information and Communication Technology Organization, and cyber police). Moreover, the degree of importance (weight) of each challenge is determined by the Fuzzy Best-Worst method (FBWM). The findings of this study indicated the high capability of the proposed framework in identifying and accurately weighting these challenges under uncertainty

Determination of Fentanyl in Canine Plasma using HPLC-MS Detection

A simple, easy, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of fentanyl concentrations in plasma samples has been developed and validated. Following a liquid extraction with acetonitrile, samples were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on an XBridge C18 column (2.1 x 50 mm, 3.5μm) and detected by mass spectroscopy. The mobile phase was a mixture of water with 0.1% formic acid, and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (90:10), with a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The procedure produced a linear curve over the concentration range of 0.1-25 ng/ml for fentanyl in canine plasma with a LOQ of 0.1 ng/ml. Intra- and inter-assay variability ranged from 2.6%-8.2% and the average recovery for fentanyl was 100%

Design Science Research Methodology As a Solution-Oriented Methodology

Design science has recently been considered as a research methodology that differs methodologically and philosophically from conventional methodologies. This methodology goes beyond descriptive-explanative researches and takes steps to solve problems. Though this methodology uses the research qualitative and quantitative instruments in the process of data-gathering and data-analyzing, the aim of the research is not to provide a mere description or explanation of problems or phenomena but to solve a social-technical problem through designing an artefact, model, procedure, and so on. Despite the importance of this methodology in areas such as management, information technology management, policy-making, and some other areas in social science, little attention has been given to it in Iran. That is why, lacking a solution-oriented attitude, almost all the published research papers in the field of social science concentrates on the description or explanation of problems or phenomena. In this article, while introducing and analyzing design science as a research methodology, exploring its philosophical foundations, and presenting the common frameworks in this field, we will examine its application in Ira

Numerical Simulation of the Cervical Spine in a Normal Subject and a Patient with Intervertebral Cage under Various Loadings and in Various Positions

Background: Cervical spine sustains most of thevertebral column injuries, among other injuries, the disc degeneration and damage that lead to replacement of the damaged disc with cage or artificial disc.Methods: The C4 to C6 vertebrae of a normal subject and a person with interbody fusion cage were 3d modelled and then analyzed using Finite element method. The results of maximum stress and strain in cervical spine of the normal subject and patient were compared in three positions: standing, lying with axial rotation of neck and standing with axial rotation of neck.Results: The maximum principal strain and stress in the patient are respectively 10.5% and 14.5% greater than those in normal subject in standing position, howeverin lying position when the head has axial rotation, the maximum principal strain and stress are in the normal subject 6.2% and 16.3% greater than those in patient, respectively. The difference between these results and the results of strain and stress in standing position when the head has axial rotation is very small. This outcome is due to smallness of the stress exerted on cervical spine as a result of the head weight (131-150 Pa).Conclusion: In contrary to the constraint between disc and vertebrae, there is no friction between cage and vertebrae and this leads to maximum stress transfer to the first vertebra above the cage in patient. However, the maximum stress is ultimately less in the patient with fusion cage than the normal subject. Generally, only the neck rotations are the cause of cervical spine injury in normal neck movements

Effects of opium inhalation on pulmonary volumes in smoking patients

       Historically, opium was used as a potent analgesic and to treat dyspnea and cough. It is documented that opium can increase exercise tolerance and relieve breathlessness. However, its overdose can suppress respiratory centers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of opium on spirometric lung volumes.The study was done on two groups of patients referred to the lung clinic of Labbafi Nejad hospital. Group A was composed of 84 patients who were smokers and group B was made up of 40 patients who were smokers and opium addicts. Patients underwent spirometry and demographic questionnaires were collected. Significant differences were noted on lung volumes between two groups. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) was 56 ± 4.6 % in Group A and 72 ± 4.7 % in Group B (P &lt; 0.001). Difference on Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) was also statistically significant, 53 ± 6.6 % in Group A versus 69 ± 4.4 % in Group B (P &lt; 0.001). In this study, lung volumes were considerably larger in patients who were opium addicts and smokers compared to patients who were only smokers. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results, and such confirmation may lead to better understanding about role of opioids in respiratory diseases.

Biomechanical Assessment of Cervical Spine with Artificial Disc during Axial Rotation, Flexion and Extension

Background: The cervical spine is the most vulnerable part of the vertebral column and the rotational movements are the most dangerous movements which may cause damages to cervical spine. A good treatment option for the cervical disc disease is the replacement of a damaged disc with an artificial disc that has shown satisfactory clinical results.Methods: The C4 to C6 vertebrae of a normal subject and a person with an artificial disc between the vertebrae C5 and C6 were 3d modelled and then analyzed using FEM. The results of stress and deformationin both subjects were calculated and compared for three rotational head movements: axial rotation, flexion and extension. A distributed load of 73.6 N was used to simulate the head weight and a moment of 1.8 N.m was used to create all three rotational movements.Results: The maximum Von Mises stress in the normal subject during the axial rotation was respectively 2.2 and 1.8 times greater than the maximum stress during flexion and extension. These numbers were 2.6 and 2.3 in the subject with artificial disc.Following the artificial disc replacement, the cervical spine strength against the extension improved about 2.7%, however, the strength in axial rotation and flexion decreased 6.9% and 24.3%, respectively. The maximum values of deformation in the normal subject during flexion, extension and axial rotation were 2.8, 2.8 and 2 times of the values in the subject with artificial disc during the similar movements.Conclusion: The flexion and extension involve risks of hurting the cervical spine, however, the axial rotation is much more dangerous regarding the damages it may cause especially to the C5/6 intervertebral disc. Numerically, there is a much greater possibility of cervical spine injury during axial rotation