Metafiction, a Postmodernism Method: Case Study of Tamashaye Yek Royaye Tabah Shode (Watching a Wrecked Dream) Novel by Bijan Bijari

Metafiction is a story about the process of writing a story in which the author deliberately and by revealing the craft of writing emphasizes the unreal and fiction of his story. The present study is an analytical and descriptive study of metafiction skills in the novel ‘Watching a Wrecked Dream’ by Bijan Bijari. The results suggest that the disorder in this novel is self-conscious and systematic in the form of extravagant learnings such as revealing the preparation, creating parallel and overlapping worlds, intertwining the real and imaginary world, short circuit, intertextuality, creating an artificial structure in the text, etc. These transcendental techniques are an attempt by the author to tell the reader what he reads is neither the representation of objective reality like realism nor the recreation of mental reality like modernism, rather it is a story based on imagination and unreality, except for verbal and verbal games. So in different ways, and most of all, by revealing the craft of writing, constantly reminding the reader of the fabrication and storytelling of the text, he eventually succeeds in creating the metafiction

Examining the Epic Language and Tone in Farrokhi Sistani's Poems

The tone is the speaker's attitude and feeling The most important factor is to create an atmosphere and influence the audience in the poem. Knowing the language and its tone plays an important role in understanding any text. The language and tone of the epic are the results of the choice of words, combinations, imagery, novelty, and the choice of weight to suit the type of epic. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effective factors in creating epic language and tone in Farrokhi Sistani's poems using descriptive-analytical methods, it has been done in a library way. Farrokhi Sistani has given his poems an epic tone and atmosphere by the use of internal and external music, vocabulary selection, and epic combinations, and using epic arrays such as exaggeration, metaphor, and numerous references to Iranian heroes, and epic and mythological characters. The results of the studies show that the poet has an epic, thoughtful mind, and it is reflected in the forms, words, and combinations used in his poems. This kind of mindset and imagination is linked to the society of the fifth century and the beliefs and ideas that govern the culture and literature of that period and of course it is effective

The Unity of Religion and Politics from the Viewpoint of Ruza al-Aqul (The Grand Marzban-Nameh of the Sassanid Era)

Abstract Marzban-nameh is one of the most imperative works written by Marzban bin Rostam bin Shahriar during the Sultanate of Rum dynasty. This valuable literary work which is considered as one of the most magnificent literary works of Persian and Tabari languages is translated and edited by Mohammad bin Ghazi Malatavi and has been titled as "Ruza-al Aqul”. The concept of the book contains stories told by animals bearing ethical and didactic morals which are narrated in a specific technical and literary manner. The heroes of these stories are often animals, plants, and creatures that play the symbolic role of the characters in the story; moreover, at times, humans are also applied as symbols of the actual personalities of the stories.  One of the concepts mentioned in this book is the unification of religion and politics which embodies the ancient theme of divine monarch theory. This library-based research with a descriptive-analytic approach explores the descriptive themes of monarchy with four approaches: religion and monarchy, Far-e-Izadi (divine divinity) and Zel-e-Elahi (divine reverence), dominion awe and wisdom in the stories of Ruza-al Aqul. Finally, the results of this study indicate that Malatavi explicitly refers to the connection between religion and monarchy in the Ruza-al Aqul; however, in the overall analysis, this aspect of the divine theory of monarchy is seen with the least frequency. Therefore, from his point of view, the sultan's policy, before it bears a strong connection with religion, must have the characteristics Far-e-Izadi (divine divinity) and Zel-e-Elahi (divine reverence), dominion awe and wisdom which will sustain the structure and create popularity among all

A Modernist Approach to the Novel of Under the Devil’s Umbrella

The first manifestations of the widespread and coherent use of the modernist techniques in Persian fiction can be traced to the 1960s, and the works of those authors who mostly belonged to the circle “Isfahan Gathering”. Gradually, the modernist style became the prevailing trend in Persian fiction in the 1970s and 1980s. The focus was on mental events, the markedness of individuals, and the characters’ mentality and inner feelings which were all presented by using new narration techniques. Mohammad Ayyoubi was among the most prolific modernist authors of the 1970s who has used modernist narration techniques in his works, such as Under the Devil’s Umbrella. This study seeks to answer this key question: What elements and factors have marked this novel as a modernist work? It was concluded that the elements and factors which characterize the novel Under the Devil’s Umbrella as a modernist novel include the confusion and rupture in narration, the uncommon plot, the ambiguity and complexity of narration, the character’s emotional turbulence, loneliness, and alienation, the transformation of the conception of time, the flowing state of mind, and the poeticized prose