Below-ground ectomycorrhizal community in natural Tuber melanosporum truffle grounds and dynamics after canopy opening

[EN] The ectomycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum fruits in association with Quercus in natural forests of Spain. Some of these stands are managed to keep an open canopy and meet the habitat requirements of the fungus. However, there are few quantitative studies analysing in these forests the relationship between soil environment and T. melanosporum. Eight forest stands which produce T. melanosporum have been monitored for 6 years in order to characterise the below-ground ectomycorrhizal community and to assess its temporal dynamics after experimental canopy opening. The brûlé, the ground where T. melanosporum fruits, shows a distinct ectomycorrhizal community, characterised by lower density of active ectomycorrhizal tips, lower morphotype richness per soil volume, higher abundance of T. melanosporum and lower abundance of Cenococcum geophilum than soil closest to the trunk of the host Quercus ilex. Opening the canopy has not stimulated an increase in T. melanosporum, suggesting that a shift in the soil environment alone will not trigger the formation of new truffières in the short term. The dry climate of these truffières may be a factor as T. melanosporum abundance appears to be sensitive to annual weather conditions. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Conselleria de Medi Ambient (Generalitat Valenciana) and VAERSA. Comments from anonymous reviewers and editorial suggestions from Randy Molina greatly helped in improving the manuscript. The Fundacion CEAM is partly supported by Generalitat Valenciana, Fundacion Bancaja and the projects GRACCIE (Consolider-Ingenio 2010) and FEEDBACKS (Prometeo-Generalitat Valenciana).García Barreda, S.; Reyna Domenech, S. (2012). Below-ground ectomycorrhizal community in natural Tuber melanosporum truffle grounds and dynamics after canopy opening. 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Reforesting drylands under novel climates with extreme drought filters: The importance of trait-based species selection

[EN] Having regard to the substantial world-scale forest restoration needs, the efforts must be done efficiently, which necessarily forces to consider the adaptation of new forests to the extremes arising from climate change. In this context, species selection strategies should enhance long-term functional resilience in the face of novel environmental scenarios. The use of plant functional traits for selecting species under climate change might be advantageous over more traditional taxon-based criteria as an adaptive forestry management strategy. In this work, we studied which functional traits (across species) have played a relevant role on field performance and fitness in a mull-species reforestation trial in a Mediterranean dryland affected by an extreme drought event. Different traits both from the individual plant and from the species were studied in seven species both at the short and the mid-term (10 years). The relative importance (RI) or contribution of the different traits to plantation performance was assessed through boosted regression tree models. The results showed that, under favorable climatic conditions, mean survival was above 70% and individual plant functional traits held up to 60% of importance on such value. The impact of species functional traits was low in this case (less than 18%) pointing out that all the species were performing within their niche at this point. However, after the driest year on record, the role of the latter on survival rose up to 53% of RI and survival sharply decreased to 33%, with some species showing negligible survival rate (< 10%). The dynamic response of stomata and xylem resistance to cavitation, together with roofing depth, were the main traits (species traits) identified in successful performance facing the extreme environmental factors. Thus, trait-oriented approach to select species represent a key tool in the implementation of new and successful forest restoration strategies to design resistant and resilient ecosystems adapted to the climate change challenges.This study is part of two research projects: "Comprehensive quality control of the reforestation works in the public forests of Cortes de Pallas, Valencia" signed between the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Re-ForeST) and the state-owned company TRAGSA, and "Monitoring and evaluation of the reforestation in the forest V-143 Muela de Cortes, in the municipality of Cortes de Pallas (Valencia), 10 years after its execution" (contract number CNMY18/0301/26), signed between the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Re-ForeST) and Valencia Regional Government (CMAAUV, Generalitat Valenciana) The authors are grateful to CYGSA staff (Maria Amparo Barber and Hector Cantos), Tragsa (Juan Ramon Torres), Vaersa (Pedro Lazaro) and Ana Isabel Aparicio (UPV) for their assistance in the fieldwork during the installation of the plot and early growth measurements. Projects CEHYRFO-MED (CGL2017-86839-C3-2-R), RESILIENT-FORESTS (LIFE17 CCA/ES/000063) and SilvAdapt.net (RED2018-102719-T) are acknowledged.Campo García, ADD.; Segura-Orenga, G.; Ceacero, CJ.; González-Sanchis, M.; Molina, AJ.; Reyna Domenech, S.; Hermoso, J. (2020). Reforesting drylands under novel climates with extreme drought filters: The importance of trait-based species selection. Forest Ecology and Management. 467:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118156S113467Abrantes, J., Campelo, F., García-González, I., & Nabais, C. (2012). Environmental control of vessel traits in Quercus ilex under Mediterranean climate: relating xylem anatomy to function. Trees, 27(3), 655-662. doi:10.1007/s00468-012-0820-6Allen, C. D., Macalady, A. K., Chenchouni, H., Bachelet, D., McDowell, N., Vennetier, M., … Cobb, N. (2010). A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests. 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