Benito-José Estébanez Mazón (1852-1931): la labor botánica de un farmacéutico rural

We analyzed the botanical and professional activities of Benito-José Estébanez Mazón (1852-1931), a rural pharmacist, established in Soncillo (Burgos) and his relations with the Central University through Blas Lázaro (1858-1821). We analyzed his participation in two failed projects: the constitution of a Regional Federation of the Pharmaceutical Colleges of Northern Spain (1917) and the proposal to create a state structure dedicated to the cultivation and collection of medicinal plants (1923).Analizamos la actividad botánica y profesional de Benito-José Estébanez Mazón (1852-1931), un farmacéutico rural, establecido en Soncillo (Burgos) y sus relaciones con la Universidad Central a través de Blas Lázaro e Ibiza (1858-1821). Se analiza su participación en dos proyectos fallidos: la constitución de la Federación Regional de los Colegios de Farmacéuticos del Norte de España (1917) y el la propuesta de fundar una estructura estatal dedicada al cultivo y recolección de plantas medicinales (1923)

Correlaciones existente entre tipos de fibras musculares, color y porcentaje de grasa intramuscular en cerdos de raza "chato murciano"

Mediante análisis de correlación se valora la influencia que los tipos de fibras I, IIA y IIX pueden tener sobre el color y el porcentaje de grasa intramuscular en el músculo longísimo lumbar del cerdo “Chato Murciano”. Los resultados demuestran que las fibras tipo IIX influyen sobre el color de la carne y que no existen correlaciones entre el porcentaje de grasa intramuscular y ninguno de los tipos de fibras analizados

Novel reaction force for ultra-relativistic dynamics of a classical point charge

The problem of the electromagnetic radiation of an accelerated charged particle is one of the most controversial issues in Physics since the beginning of the last century, representing one of the most popular unsolved problems of the Modern Physics. Different equations of motion have been proposed throughout history for a point charge including the electromagnetic radiation emitted, but all these expressions show some limitations. An equation based on the principle of conservation of energy is proposed in this work for the ultra-relativistic motion. Different examples are analyzed showing that the energy lost by the charge agrees with the Li\'enard formula. This proposed equation has been compared with the Landau-Lifshitz equation obtaining a good agreement in the range of application of the Landau-Lifshitz formula.Comment: 9 pages, 10 figure

Numerical study of dark current dynamics in a high-gradient backward travelling wave accelerating cavity using the electromagnetic simulation software CST studio.

High-Gradient accelerating cavities are one of the main research lines in the development of compact linear colliders. However, the operation of such cavities is currently limited by nonlinear effects that are intensified at high electric fields, such as dark currents and radiation emission or RF breakdowns. A new normal-conducting High-Gradient S-band Backward Travelling Wave accelerating cavity for medical application (v=0.38c) designed and constructed at Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) is being tested at Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC) High Power RF Laboratory. The objective consists of studying its viability in the development of compact linear accelerators for hadrontherapy treatments in hospitals. Due to the high surface electric field in the cavity, electrons are emitted following Fowler- Nordheim equation, also known as dark currents. The emission and dynamic of these electrons are of fundamental importance on different phenomena such as RF Breakdowns or radiation dose emission. In this work, 3D electromagnetic numerical simulations have been performed using the computer simulation technology software CST Studio Suite. Then, the resulting EM field maps are used to study the emission and electron dynamics inside the cavity. The simulation results are compared with experimental data and first conclusions discussed

Relativistic particle motion of a charge including the radiation reaction

The problem of the electromagnetic radiation of an accelerated charged particle is one of the most controversial issues in Physics since the beginning of the last century representing one of the most popular unsolved problems of the Modern Physics. Different equations of motion for a point charge including the electromagnetic radiation emitted have been proposed throughout history, but all these expressions show some limitations. An equation based on the principle of conservation of energy is proposed for the ultra-relativistic motion. Different examples are analyzed showing that the energy lost by the charge agrees with the relativistic generalization of the Larmor formula. This proposed equation has been compared with the Landau-Lifshitz equation obtaining a good agreement in the range of application of the Landau-Lifshitz formula. Finally, it is discussed a possible variation of the typical relativistic particle integrators (e.g. Boris, Vay or Higuera-Cary methods) in order to include the radiation reaction

Study of the RF pulse heating phenomenon in high gradient accelerating devices by means of analytical approximations

The main objective of this work is to present a simple method, based on analytical expressions, for obtaining a quick approximation of the temperature rise due to the Joule effect inside the metallic walls of an RF accelerating device. This proposal relies on solving the 1D heat-transfer equation for a thick wall, where the heat sources inside the wall are the ohmic losses produced by the RF electromagnetic fields penetrating the metal with finite electrical conductivity. Furthermore, it is discussed how the theoretical expressions of this method can be applied to obtain an approximation to the temperature increase in realistic 3D RF accelerating structures, taking as an example the cavity of an RF electron gun. These theoretical results have been benchmarked with numerical simulations carried out with commercial finite-element method codes, finding good agreement among them

Increasing the MTU size for Energy Efficiency in Ethernet

Abstract-The commonly used Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) on the Internet has remained unchanged for many years at around 1500 bytes due mainly to backward compatibility issues. This is in contrast with link data rate, which has increased by several orders of magnitude. In this paper, a new advantage of using larger MTUs is introduced, namely Energy Efficiency. In wire-line environments, the link power consumption is generally roughly independent of the number of frames that are transmitted resulting in a poor energy efficiency. This will change with the development of standards like IEEE 802.3az, Energy Efficient Ethernet. This new standard allows a link to enter a low power mode when there are no frames to transmit therefore making power consumption almost proportional to the link load. In this context the use of larger MTUs minimizes the number of transitions between the active and low power modes thereby improving energy efficiency. The benefits of using larger MTUs in terms of energy efficiency are analyzed in this paper

Two-dimensional simulation of the electron transport in a photomultiplier tube

Photomultiplier tubes are widely used in experimental physics because they convert small light signals into a measurable electric current. Although their working principle is well known, it is very difficult to find simulations of the electron transport in these devices. For this reason, the electron transport in the Hamamatsu R13408-100 photomultiplier tube has been simulated in 2D. The software SUPERFISH is used for calculating the electrostatic fields and the Boris method for the effective electron dynamics. The secondary electron emission in the dynodes is implemented using an effective electron model and the modified Vaughan’s model. Some figures of merit for photomultiplier tubes (e.g. the gain, the electron transit time or the transit time spread) in function of the supply voltage and an external magnetic field have been studied obtaining a good qualitative accordance with the Hamamatsu datasheet. In further studies, we are going to compare our simulations with experimental measurements

The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future

In the past few decades, major public health advances have happened in Europe, with drastic decreases in premature mortality and a life expectancy increase of almost 9 years since 1980. European countries have some of the best health-care systems in the world. However, Europe is challenged with unprecedented and overlapping crises that are detrimental to human health and livelihoods and threaten adaptive capacity, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the fastest-growing migrant crisis since World War 2, population displacement, environmental degradation, and deepening inequalities. Compared with pre-industrial times, the mean average European surface air temperature increase has been almost 1°C higher than the average global temperature increase, and 2022 was the hottest European summer on record. As the world's third largest economy and a major contributor to global cumulative greenhouse gas emissions, Europe is a key stakeholder in the world's response to climate change and has a global responsibility and opportunity to lead the transition to becoming a low-carbon economy and a healthier, more resilient society.Peer ReviewedArticle signat per 44 autors/autores: Institute for Global Health (K R van Daalen MPhil, M Romanello PhD), Institute for Sustainable Resources (P Drummond MSc, D Scamman EngD), and Energy Institute (Prof I Hamilton PhD, H Kennard PhD), University College London, London, UK; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK (K R van Daalen); Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (Prof J Rocklöv PhD, Prof J C Semenza PhD); Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine (Prof J Rocklöv, Z Farooq MSc, M O Sewe PhD, H Sjödin PhD) and Department of Epidemiology and Global Health (Prof M Nilsson PhD), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain (C Tonne ScD, H Achebak PhD, J Ballester PhD, S J Lloyd PhD, C Milà MSc, Prof J C Minx PhD, Prof M Nieuwenhuijsen PhD, M Quijal-Zamorano MSc, Prof J M Anto MD); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain (C Tonne, C Milà, M Nieuwenhuijsen, M Quijal-Zamorano, J M Anto); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain (C Tonne, C Milà, J C Minx, M Nieuwenhuijsen, J M Anto); BC3 Basque Centre for Climate Change, Bilbao, Spain (Prof A Markandya PhD); School of Government, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (N Dasandi PhD); Data Science Lab, Hertie School, Berlin, Germany (Prof S Jankin PhD, H Bechara PhD, O Gasparyan PhD); Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK (M W Callaghan MPP); Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, Berlin, Germany (M W Callaghan); Energy Efficiency Group, Institute for Environmental Sciences (ISE), University of Geneva, Switzerland (J Chambers PhD); Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Venice, Italy (S Dasgupta PhD); Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Sciences (LSE), UK (S Dasgupta, Prof E J Z Robinson PhD); Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain (N Gonzalez-Reviriego PhD, B Solaraju-Murali MSc, Prof R Lowe PhD, M Lotto Batista MSc); Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland (R Hänninen DSci, J Palamarchuk PhD, M Sofiev PhD); European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark (A Kazmierczak PhD); European Centre for Environment and Health, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Bonn, Germany (V Kendrovski PhD, O Schmoll Dipl Ing); Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria (G Kiesewetter PhD); Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Department of Epidemiology, Brunswick, Germany (M Lotto Batista); Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Prof J Martinez-Urtaza PhD); Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food and Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (M Springmann PhD); Department of Electronics and Computer Science, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago, Spain (J Triñanes PhD); Centre for Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, UK (Prof R Lowe); Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain (Prod R Lowe)Postprint (published version