Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic Vibrios in shellfishes from Cochin market

815-824Shellfish samples obtained from four retail markets in Cochin were examined for the presence of pathogenic Vibrios. A total of 110 samples collected during the period between September 2010 and March 2011 included shrimp, crab and clams. Vibrio species was detected in 65.5% of the samples. Six potentially pathogenic Vibrio species such as V. parahaemolyticus (68.1%), V. alginolyticus (18.1%), V. vulnificus (2%), V. cholerae (1%), V. harveyi (1%) and V. mimicus (1%) were detected. Overall percentage of incidence was highest in clams (84.2%) followed by shrimps (63.8%) and crabs (37.5%). When isolates were tested for their susceptibility to various antibiotics, highest incidence of antibiotic resistance was evident against ampicillin and colistin followed by amoxycillin, carbenicillin, ceftazidime and cephalothin and lowest against chloramphenicol, tetracycline and nalidixic acid. Multiple drug resistance was prevalent among the isolates. Results indicate that the various seafood markets at the retail level in Cochin are contaminated with potentially pathogenic Vibrio species. If they survive insufficient processing/cooking conditions they would have an impact on safety of processed/cooked ready-to-eat food

Statistical optimisation of xylanase production by estuarine Streptomyces sp. and its application in clarification of fruit juice

Recently, xylanase has become an essential option for environmental friendly industrial biotechnological applications and the rising demand for its large scale production urge to take the advantage of statistical approach of optimization to investigate the interactive effects of prominent process factors involved to enhance xylanase production. In the present study, xylanase production from Streptomyces sp. strain ER1 isolated from Cochin estuarine soil; was optimised using statistical designs- Plackett-Burman and Central composite design. Plackett-Burman design was used to identify important fermentation condition factors affecting the xylanase production using beechwood xylan as the substrate. The optimum levels of these significant factors were determined employing the Central Composite Design. Out of the thirteen factors screened, concentration of beechwood xylan and olive oil, agitation speed, and inoculum age were recognized as the most significant factors. By analyzing the response surface plots and using numerical optimization method, the optimal levels for concentration of xylan and olive oil, agitation speed and inoculum age were determined as 0.37%, 33.10 mg/L, 42.87 RPM and 21.05 h, respectively. The optimised medium resulted in a 1.56-fold increased level of the xylanase (10,220 U/mL) production compared to the initial level (3986.444 U/mL) after 120 h of fermentation. The purified enzyme could successfully clarify orange, mousambi and pineapple juice to 20.87%, 23.64% and 27.89% respectively. Thus the present study has proved that Streptomyces sp. strain ER1 (KY449279) is a potential and useful organism for xylanase production and its purified enzyme could clarify the selected fruit juices

Global trends in antimicrobial resistance in animals in low- And middle-income countries

The global scale-up in demand for animal protein is the most notable dietary trend of our time. Antimicrobial consumption in animals is threefold that of humans and has enabled large-scale animal protein production. The consequences for the development of antimicrobial resistance in animals have received comparatively less attention than in humans. We analyzed 901 point prevalence surveys of pathogens in developing countries to map resistance in animals. China and India represented the largest hotspots of resistance, with new hotspots emerging in Brazil and Kenya. From 2000 to 2018, the proportion of antimicrobials showing resistance above 50% increased from 0.15 to 0.41 in chickens and from 0.13 to 0.34 in pigs. Escalating resistance in animals is anticipated to have important consequences for animal health and, eventually, for human health.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe