Surface Reconstructions in Organic Crystals: Simulations of the Effect of Temperature and Defectivity on Bulk and (001) Surfaces of 2,2′:6′,2″-Ternaphthalene

2,2′:6′,2″-Ternaphthalene (NNN) is a novel, blue-emitting material, suitable for preparation of organic light-emitting diodes. Its crystal structure has been solved recently, but its thermal behavior and surface properties have not yet been explored, partly due to the difficulty in obtaining high quality crystals. In the present study we use classical molecular dynamics to investigate the thermal behavior of bulk and (001) surfaces of NNN. Our bulk simulations indicate the occurrence of a phase transition at about 600 K. The transition is facilitated by the presence of a free (001) surface, since a reconstruction leading to a very similar structure occurs around 550 K in our surface models. This holds for both ideal and defective surface models, containing a small number of vacancies (one or two missing molecules in the outermost layer). In all cases, the process is triggered by thermal motion and involves the reorientation of the molecules with respect to the (001) plane. Both the bulk and surface phases share the monoclinic space group P21/a with a herringbone disposition of molecules. These findings and their implications for the use of NNN in organic electronics are discussed

Understanding the Origin of the Particularly Small and Anisotropic Thermal Expansion of MOF-74

Metal-organic frameworks often display large positive or negative thermal expansion coefficients. MOF-74, a material envisioned for many applications does not display such a behavior. For this system, temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction reveals particularly small negative thermal expansion coefficients perpendicular and positive ones parallel to the hexagonally arranged pores. The observed trends are explained by combining state-of-the-art density-functional theory calculations with the Gr\"uneisen theory of thermal expansion, which allows tracing back thermal expansion to contributions of individual phonons. On the macroscopic level, the small thermal expansion coefficients arise from two aspects: compensation effects caused by the large coupling between stress and strain perpendicular to the pores and the small magnitudes of the mean Gr\"uneisen tensor elements, $\langle\gamma\rangle$, which provide information on how strains in the material influence its phonon frequencies. To understand the small mean Gr\"uneisen tensor in MOF-74, the individual mode contributions are analyzed based on the corresponding atomic motions. This reveals that only the lowest frequency modes up to ~3 THz provide non-negligible contributions, such that $\langle\gamma\rangle$ drops sharply at higher temperatures. These considerations reveal how the details of the anharmonic properties of specific phonon bands determine the magnitude and sign of thermal expansion in a prototypical material like MOF-74

Polymorphism of terthio-phene with surface confinement.

The origin of unknown polymorphic phases within thin films is still not well understood. This work reports on crystals of the molecule terthio-phene which were grown by thermal gradient crystallization using glass-plate substrates. The crystalline domains displayed a plate-like morphology with an extended lateral size of about 100 µm, but a thickness of only a few µm. Specular X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of a new polymorph of terthio-phene. Crystal structure solution from a single crystal peeled from the film revealed a structure with an extremely large unit-cell volume containing 42 independent molecules. In contrast to the previously determined crystal structure of terthio-phene, a herringbone packing motif was observed where the terminal ends of the molecules are arranged within one plane (i.e. the molecular packing conforms to the flat substrate surface). This type of molecular packing is obtained by 180° flipped molecules combined with partially random (disordered) occupation. A densely packed interface between terthio-phene crystallites and the substrate surface is obtained, this confirms that the new packing motif has adapted to the flat substrate surface

Controlled recrystallization from the melt of the organic n-type small molecule semiconductor 2-decyl-7-phenyl-[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene S,S,S′,S′-tetraoxide

Abstract Recrystallization from the melt of the n-type BTBT derivative 2-dectyl-7-phenyl-[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene S,S,S',S'-tetraoxide (Ph-BTBTOx2-10) reveals a defined crystal structure of the molecule. It leads to the formation of alternating nano-segregated layers consisting of parallelly stacked aromatic units and alkyl units. This polymorph appears to be the thermodynamic stable phase. Charge carrier mobility measurements indicate an electron mobility of 4*10−6 cm2 V−1 s−1 for this phase

Molecular packing analysis of the crystal smectic E phase of a benzothieno-benzothiophene derivative by a combined experimental / computational approach

The molecule 2-decyl-7-phenyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene has gained a lot of attention since high charge carrier mobility was observed in thin film transistors. Its thermotropic liquid crystalline states may play an important role in the thin film formation since the smectic A and the crystal smectic E phase (SmE) are claimed to be pre-stages of the final bulk structure. To understand the phase diversity, structural characterisation of solution processed thin films is performed by X-ray diffraction in the complete temperature range up to the isotropic state at 240°C. The diffraction pattern of the SmE phase is analysed in detail. Peak broadening analysis reveals that the crystallographic order across the smectic layers is larger than the order along the smectic layers. A combined experimental and computational approach is used to determine the molecular packing within the SmE phase. It leads to a number of different packing motifs. A comparison of the calculated diffraction pattern with the experimental results reveals that nano-segregation is present within the SmE phase. Energy consideration clearly favours a herringbone arrangement of the aromatic units. The nano-segregation within the SmE phase with herringbone packing of the aromatic units is accompanied with interdigitation of side chains from neighbouringherringbone layers